Selected Aspects of Ecological Dimensions of Ecotourism Development in the Networks of National Natural and Regional Landscape Parks of Ukraine

Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu uzasadnienie roli i znaczenia ekoturystyki dla zrównoważonego wykorzystania naturalnych zasobów rekreacyjnych na przykładzie Ukrainy. W artykule opisano zaopatrzenie terenów administracyjnych w środki ekoturystyczne (w obrębie istniejących narodowych i regionalnych parków krajobrazowych) oraz wpływ skutków kryzysu i niedoszacowania czynnika środowiskowego na warunki wypoczynku ludzi. Postępujący rozwój sfery turystyczno-rekreacyjnej wymaga opracowania specjalnej strategii rozwoju terytorialnego. Mechanizmem jej realizacji powinna być procedura planowania krajobrazu. W toku badań: dokonano typologii regionów administracyjnych ze względu na stopień dostępności rekreacyjnych zasobów obszarów chronionych dla ekoturystyki oraz opracowano kartograficzne wsparcie dla tego problemu; udowodniono wpływ czynnika ekologicznego na stan i efektywne wykorzystanie potencjału przyrodniczego obszarów chronionych w celach przyrodniczych i rekreacyjnych; stworzono mapę narodowych parków krajobrazowych Ukrainy dedykowaną obszarom o różnym stopniu zanieczyszczenia; przeprowadzono analizę korelacyjną. Zebrane dane świadczą o braku efektywnego systemu zarządzania środowiskowego na poziomie zjednoczonej wspólnoty terytorialnej wiejskiej oraz na poziomie powiatu, a także o braku stabilnych powiązań zarządczych między regionalnymi wydziałami ekologii i zasobów naturalnych oraz powiatami i zjednoczonymi wspólnotami terytorialnymi. Ta okoliczność nie przyczynia się do skoordynowanego i terminowego rozwiązywania złożonych problemów geoekologicznych, lecz działa jak hamulec dla zrównoważonego rozwoju ekologicznego, społeczno-gospodarczego i turystyki ekologicznej.


INTRODUCTION
Nowadays it is appropriate to consider recreation and nature conservation as ecologically economical activity, the share of which in the spatial structure of regional economic systems is growing substantially, provided that the realization of the national eco-network formation program constitutes at least 30%. Together with forest, water and grassland nature use, their optimal share in the spatial terms should reach 50-60% of the total area, which would make it possible to constructively balance the total nature use in the region.
Within the framework of these conceptual principles, the development of recreational use of nature and nature conservation in the conditions of complicated ecological and geographical situation in Ukraine has a priority character today. Such development is connected with the spatial structures of regional econetworks. In the traditional recreational regions of Ukraine (Carpathian, Black Sea-Azov, Crimean), these types of nature use are defi ned in the development of economic complexes. In Podillia, West-Polissia, East-Polissia regions, their development has a second-order priority after agricultural and forest management. In other regions of Ukraine, the development of nature conservation and recreational nature use, although of secondary importance, is important for balancing the regional economic complex.
The purpose of the study is generalization of the theoretical approaches and substantiation of applied principles of ecotourism development in Ukraine, assessment of the availability of administrative resources for ecotourism (within the existing national nature parks [NNPs] and regional landscape parks [RLPs]) and the impact of crisis eco-situations and underestimation of environmental factors on recreation conditions. The introduction of tourism activity is rather controversial, which stimulates environmental activities and at the same time is a real "destroyer" of the natural environment. The essence of ecotourism is to focus not only on the type of recreational activities, but also on the nature of the tourism impact on the environment and the degree of responsibility of both tourists and organizers for the preservation of the natural environment.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CONDUCTED RESEARCH
According to Polish researchers, recreational use of nature (Przewoźniak 1999) should remain conditioned, i.e. meet the following criteria: -attractiveness of the recreational interpretive environment depends, to a large extent, on the available natural values that form the development of recreational nature use, -development of various forms of recreation, covered by natural objects, -the proportionality of the environment with its recreational function, -monitoring the conditions and features of recreation in the natural environment (quantitative, qualitative indicators), with enhancement of the self-regulation function of the respective eco-object with natural recreational absorption and anthropogenic activity, -taking into account the extent of the environment development, fully adapt it to recreational activities, in terms of accessibility and protection of the environment (Przewoźniak 1999).
Multifunctional forms of nature protection, including biosphere reserves, national nature parks and regional landscape parks are the basic objects of purposeful ecological tourism and recreation. The very philosophy of the creation and operation of these facilities is, on the one hand, the implementation of the principles of nature conservation, and on the other hand, the formation of tourism infrastructure.
The formation of the principles of ecological tourism is based on a number of conceptual principles: natural and socio-cultural compatibility, economical and balanced economy and socio-ecological relations, conscious ethno-natural and ethno-cultural tolerance, laid down in international strategies and concepts (Tsaryk, Kuzyshyn, Tsaryk 2015).

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE TERM "ECOTOURISM"
Conceptual approaches to landscape-ecological optimization of the territory, developed by M. Grodzynskyi during 1993Grodzynskyi during -2005, foresee the implementation of a number of step-by-step approaches. In particular, the defi nition of landscapeecological criteria and priorities for the development of regional economic systems; achievement of optimum ratios between economic and natural lands; optimization of the biocentric-network structure of landscape systems, which is a natural canvas of perspective ecosystems (Grodzynskyi 2005), within which the main potential of nature conservation and recreational nature management is concentrated.
The development of tourism and recreation is accompanied by the creation of infrastructure, the development of tourism routes, the development of new recreation areas, the formation of a specifi c tourist product. This progressive development requires the creation of a special territorial development strategy, the mechanism of which should be the landscape planning procedure (Dmytruk 2004). The necessity of defi ning the spatial boundaries of the composite elements of tourism-recreational systems is caused by the need to compare them with the landscape structure of the territory and to analyse the adequacy of the legal regime of land and nature management. The ideal correlation of composite tourism-recreational elements with the landscape structure of the territory is formed within the territories of NPPs and RLPs, partly within the botanical gardens, dendrological parks, zoological parks, where a number of functional zones is allocated (Tsaryk, Novytska 2016).
Specifi city of nature reserve development in Ukraine, where the main attention was paid to the conservation and restriction of the nature use regime by forming reserves promoted the limited use of nature reserve fund objects for ecotourism. The need to create national nature parks became apparent in the 1970s, due to the growing short-term recreation of urban populations in nature conservation areas. With the increase in the number of private means of transportation, both the number of weekend vacationers and the length of trips from large urban settlements increased from 50-60 km in the 1960s, 150-200 km in the 1980s, to 250-500 km at present. At the same time, a considerable part of vacationers went to the areas with protected objects, which made it necessary to regulate anthropogenic loads (the number of tourists per unit area of nature reserve territory), to regulate spatial and temporal use of data on the objects in accordance with the norms of permissible loads and their actual state (Tsaryk, Novytska 2016).
The development of a "recreation industry" for the territory of Ukraine with high population density, signifi cant development of the territory, low forested areas required new recreational areas. That is why, in the 1980s, a new form of nature conservation emerged in Ukraine -national nature parks, later biosphere reserves, then, in the 1990s -regional landscape parks, and at the beginning of the 21 st century -transboundary biosphere reserves. Conservation of natural diversity in accordance with the concept of sustainable development of Ukraine is considered as a natural basis for balanced development of the state. Ecotourism, which is carried out mainly in the territories of the nature reserve fund, can become an example of balanced use of natural recreational resources, which is one of the principles of sustainable development of the economic complex (Kuzyk 2018;Tsaryk 2016).

AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ECOTOURISM RESEARCH
Ecotourism is a type of tourism activity based on a harmonious relationship of a person with the natural and cultural environment in order to meet one's needs for recreation and recovery on the basis of eco-education and sustainable nature use (Dmytruk 2004). Strategic goal of ecotourism is limiting recreational activities according to the needs of the environment (travels, eco-educational excursions, tourism trips) (Grodzynskyi, Stetsenko [eds.] 2003).
Ecotourism is a cognitive and recreational type of tourism focused on natural territories, which involves the pursuit of various forms of active recreation in natural landscapes without causing damage to the environment. It suggests organization of trips to places with relatively unchanged nature that do not lead to disturbance of the integrity of ecosystems, with the aim of forming an idea of the natural and cultural-ethnographic features of this territory, which creates such socio-economic conditions when nature protection becomes advantageous to the local population (Khrabovchenko 2003). At this stage, ecotourism is defi ned as "a responsible trip to nature territories, that protects nature, the environment, supports the well-being of local people, and development and education" (Plan działania... 2015).
In Europe, this issue is ambiguous. For example, in Germany it is referred to as Ökotourismus, which in the closest translation is understood as "eco-friendly tourism". However, there are many initiatives that have shown the development of ecotourism over the last decades -the Estonian Ecotourism Association (www. ecotourism.ee), the Romanian Ecotourism Association (www.eco-romania.ro) or the Swedish Ecotourism Society (www.naturesbestsweden.com). These organizations have created a solid foundation and have raised awareness of this topic outside their own countries, such as developing an algorithm for certifi cation of small and medium-sized enterprises (tour operators, as well as providers) for the implementation of recreational use of nature.
There are the following forms of ecotourism: active (hiking, biking, horse riding, collecting something, fi shing, hunting), faunistic, fl oristic, cultural and ethnographic trips. There are also a number of terms in tourism that can be related to ecotourism, e.g. nature tourism, adventure tourism, green tourism, community-based tourism and sometimes eco-friendly tourism or alternative tourism (Dmytruk 2004).
Discussions on the sustainable impact of ecotourism are still ongoing within the scientifi c circles. Today, this type of activity is often identifi ed with the process of "immersion" into untouched nature or the promotion of production and consumption of environmentally friendly and organic products. There is also ample evidence of excessive use of this term, for example, "greenwashing" (literally: green lingerie), that is, speculating on the term "eco" by non-environmental projects or doing business that has a negative impact on natural areas. This type of abuse means that consumers lose credibility with ecotourism and create a negative image of it. That is why the most important task now is to concretize the concept of "ecotourism" so that it can be integrated with the concept of sustainable tourism development and its adaptation to everyday tourist activities.
For the fi rst time the term "ecotourism" was formally used at a conference by Mexican environmentalist Hector Ceballos-Laskuraynom in the fi rst half of the 1980s. In his opinion, this term refl ected the idea of harmony between recreation and ecology and became very popular. One of the options of this defi nition is ecotourism as an active form of recreation based on the rational use of natural resources. This implies the rejection of the cult of comfort, mass communication, accessibility and consumption that increase the number of tourist services. Instead, it cultivates a different value system that includes contemplation of nature, spiritual enrichment, communion with its commitment to natural heritage, and the support of the traditional culture of local communities (Lukichev 2011).
According to the experts from the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), ecotourism is a purposeful journey into natural areas, to better understand local culture and the environment, which does not violate the integrity of the ecosystem, while making the protection of natural resources benefi cial to the local people. In the professional as well as in the academic world, there are several idealistic defi nitions of ecotourism with similar interpretations. Ecotourism (ecotourism) means responsible travel to natural areas; experiencing the natural environment without damaging it; discovering natural and cultural sites that supports nature conservation. It has a gentle impact on the environment, provides active socio-economic involvement of residents and they benefi t from this action (International Union for Conservation of Nature). Ecotourism is a responsible journey to natural areas that promotes nature conservation and enhances the well-being of residents (International Ecotourism Society). Ecotourism is a type of tourism that involves travelling to places with relatively untouched natural environment to get an idea of the natural, cultural and ethnographic features of an area that does not violate the integrity of ecosystems and creates such economic conditions in which the protection of nature and natural resources becomes advantageous (World Wildlife Fund).
The main criteria for the development of ecotourism include the location of residences that provide accommodation services near national parks, biosphere reserves, regional landscape parks, unique natural sites as well as maintaining the ecological standards by the owners of these residences as regards the organization of everyday life and leisure, and the creation of a variety of immersion wildlife programs. Therefore, the success of the development of ecotourism depends on the quality of the environment, since tourists appreciate its purity. Thus, the environmental factor becomes an economic category: maintaining the environment in good condition is economically advantageous and is the key to the successful functioning of hospitable estates.
There is a widespread belief that ecotourism is based on three components: -Nature: the interests of ecotourists are based on nature and valuable natural resources and on the protection of these resources, -Culture: local tangible or intangible cultural heritage and local traditions are used in a way that respects, protects and promotes them, -Local community: ecotourism supports the well-being of local communities and empowers them (ideally, they should manage ecotourism businesses on their own, not just being busy with foreign investors) (Shumlyanska 2011).
These three pillars of ecotourism are often forgotten when ecotourism is associated with natural tourism or the broader concept of sustainable tourism (Sawitska, Sawitska, Pogrebniak 2017). For example, in the US, ecotourism and sustainable tourism are seen as virtually interchangeable. This, however, implies a more tolerant approach -the functioning of huge hotels that employ different eco-friendly management strategies is a great example of reducing the negative impact on the environment. It is being considered sustainable and sometimes called "ecotourism". In addition, tours organized by large tour operators such as Discover nomads, Costsaver, Topdeck, oriented to small groups, are conducted in exotic locations and involve local guides and professionals who identify themselves as promoters of ecotourism, although most of the profi ts are transferred to the foreign organizing centre.
The so-called "Western European model of ecotourism" is based on the development of tourism forms in the cultural landscape and emphasizes the principles of sustainable development of ecotourism forms and conservation of natural resources. This model pays attention to such functions of ecological tourism as care for the social, cultural and ecological well-being of the local population. Zaręba (2006) determines that environmentally-friendly trips, which are traditionally associated with ecotourism, take place in attractive areas with natural landscape. It includes various types of tourism: agritourism, ecotourism, professional tourism, excursion tourism, leisure, adventure tourism, etc. provided that the people involved in the trip do not deliberately interfere with the natural ecosystems. Ecotourists express their respect for the environment and culture of the local population, and their tourism costs provide the means to protect the environment and the local economy. Kotala and Niedziółka (2009) considered the term "ecotourism" and its different forms. Moreover, they characterized the infrastructure for ecotourism. Agritourism and ecoagritourism as forms of ecotourism have been presented, too.
The use of national nature parks for ecotourism purposes in European countries has its own national characteristics. For example, in Norway there are special centres of active leisure in national parks, as well as the specially marked routes for camping and the overnight stay organized both in hotels, and in cottages. There is also an information centre where you can get general information about available entertainment and active tourism, local history and cultural heritage. Polish national nature parks place emphasis on recreational activities and tourism routes and there is almost no protected areas. The severity of the reserve regime of Italian, French, Finnish and Austrian national parks is similar in structure to the Ukrainian ones. Traditionally, their information centres are located only at the entrance to the park. The territory of the parks is owned by the state. German national parks have the greatest signs of autonomy and they are exclusively subordinate to the local authorities (the subject of the federation). A special feature of the country national parks network is the focus on national tourists. Therefore, the "German model of ecotourism development" is formed here. It is based on cognitive tourism. It includes acquaintance with some valuable botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, geomorphological or other natural objects, as well as simply picturesque landscapes or anthropogenically transformed natural complexes.

THE METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Methods of cartographic modelling and comparison of the territorial boundaries map of the NPPs and RLPs of Ukraine with the map of the territory pollution degree by the multiplicity of the total allowable values were used. The indicators of the resources supply of ecotourism for ordinary citizens (the ratio of areas of BC, NPP and RLP to the amount of population of administrative regions) are calculated on the basis of which 5 typological groups of administrative regions are allocated according to the degree of provision of recreational resources for ecotourism (Fig. 1). Subsequently, the integrated map shows the dependency of NPPs and RLPs on the areas with different levels of pollution (Fig. 2), and, thus, indirectly demonstrates the overall ecological status within the basic objects of ecotourism.

RESULTS OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF THE PROBLEM
Perfect objects for the development of ecotourism in Ukraine are nature conservation and recreational sites: biosphere reserves and transboundary reserves, national nature parks, regional landscape parks, individual reserves, nature monuments, and artifi cially created botanical gardens, dendrological and zoological parks, parks-monuments of landscape art (Law of Ukraine On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine).
In 2007, there were 4 biosphere reserves in Ukraine, 17 national nature parks, 46 regional landscape parks, 20 botanical gardens, 33 dendrological and 13 zoological parks, 90 parks-monuments of landscape art with a total area of over 1.603 million ha. Considering that in most of these establishments about 40% of the territory is allocated for recreational use, the recreational potential of the reserved territories (without taking into account the areas of reserves, protected areas) was more than 640 thousand ha. The average level of recreational resources provision of protected areas for the average Ukrainian was 0.0304 ha/person or 304 m 2 /person.
In 2019, there were 4 biosphere reserves (BRs), 51 national nature parks in Ukraine (Tab. 1), 83 regional landscape parks (Tab. 2), 28 botanical gardens, 57 dendrological and 13 zoological parks, 572 parks-monuments of landscape art with a total area of more than 2.190 million ha. Recreational potential of protected areas (excluding areas of reserves, protected areas) is more than 2.092 million ha. The average level of recreational resources provision of protected areas for the citizen of Ukraine is 0.0493 ha/person or 493 m 2 /person. Considering the signifi cant decrease in population from 46.6 million in 2006 to 42.3 million in 2019 and an increase in the amount of protected recreational areas, it can be stated that the relative provision of ordinary Ukrainians with recreational resources for ecotourism has grown by 1.64 times.
In the territorial aspect, there are signifi cant differences in the provision of recreational resources for ecotourism. The analysis of this indicator, in terms of administrative regions, showed that in fi ve regions (Zhytomyr, Cherkasy, Dnipropetrovsk, Luhansk, Kyiv) there is a minimum of the main protected categories of recreational purpose (biosphere reserves, national nature parks, regional landscape parks) which inhibits the development of recreational business in general and ecotourism in particular (Tsaryk, Kuzyshyn, Tsaryk 2015). Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Sumy, Chernihiv, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Volyn regions have got the largest areas of protected recreational use (Tab. 1 and 2).
Analysing the index of the availability of recreational resources for ordinary citizens, there are 5 typological groups of administrative regions: the fi rst group consists of the Khmelnytskyi, Kherson, Sumy and Chernihiv regions with an indicator of the availability of recreational resources of protected territories exceeding 1,400 m 2 per person, which exceeds the average Ukrainian indicator by 2.8 times. Volyn, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia regions, whose indexes exceed the average Ukrainian by 2.4 times, are included in the second group with the indicator of the availability of recreational resources of protected territories from 1,000 to 1,200 m 2 per person. The third typological group consists of areas with an indicator of the availability of recreational resources of protected areas from 510 to 830 m 2 per person, which exceeds or is close to the average Ukrainian indicator. It includes Kirovohrad, Mykolaiv, Chernivtsi, Ternopil, Lviv, and Poltava administrative regions. The fourth typological group of regions has an indicator of the availability of recreational resources of protected areas from 134 to 262 m 2 per person. It includes Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Vinnytsia, Odesa regions. These territories have indicators more than twice lower compared to the average Ukrainian. The fi fth typological group is composed of administrative-territorial units with an indicator of the availability of recreational resources of protected areas less than 100 m 2 per person -Cherkasy, Luhansk, Kyiv, Zhytomyr regions, city of Kyiv and Sevastopol (Fig. 1).
An important criterion for the development of ecotourism is the geoecological status of the territory. According to the indicator of the pollution degree (by the multiplicity of the total allowable values), there are six ranks distinguished in Ukraine (from conditionally clean to catastrophically polluted). About 50% of the territory of Ukraine are characterized by a rather diffi cult geo-ecological situation (the degree of pollution is high and extremely high). These are the territories of the steppe zone with a high degree of cultivation and pollution with toxic chemicals, mineral fertilizers and objects of the mining and processing industry; radioactively contaminated territories of the mixed forest zone; the southern part of the deciduous forest zone and the western and southern parts of the forest-steppe zone distinguished by radioactive, agricultural and industrial pollution.
By depicting the pollution degree of the NPP and RLP locations, we obtained the attachment of the basic nature conservation and recreational institutions to the territories with different geo-ecological status (Fig. 2). Fifteen RLPs and 2 NNPs are in the occupied territories of Donbass and Crimea with limited access for citizens of other regions of Ukraine. Sixteen RLPs and 13 NNPs are located in the areas with a diffi cult geo-ecological situation within the steppe zone of Ukraine, 7 RLPs and 6 NNPs are in a diffi cult geo-ecological situation in the southern part of deciduous forests and the southern and western part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. Nine RLPs and 6 RNPs are located in the radiation-polluted territories of the mixed forest zone. Hence, 56% of the RLPs and 56% of the NNPs are attached to the territories with a complex geo-ecological situation, which makes it impossible for ecotourism to reach the full-scale development. And only in 44% of the territory we observe favourable natural conditions for the development of ecotourism in Ukraine.
Hence, the strategic objectives of the prospective development of Ukraine (its administrative and territorial entities), in addition to economic and social dimensions, is to improve the geo-ecological situation. This task is considered a priority in the context of crisis ecosystems in the regions (Dmytruk 2004) since environmental quality is one of the leading criteria for quality of life of the population. However, in the real practice of management, we see an underestimation and sometimes lack of attention in terms of environmental factors of development. And this is due to the imperfection of legal support, ineffi ciency of organizational and administrative structures, lack of proper control over the actions of the authorities on the part of civil society. According to Buryk (2017), conceptual and strategic approaches to the formation and implementation of the state policy of sustainable development still have not been developed due to the unsystematic and insuffi cient consistency of numerous concepts, strategies and programmes, lack of coordination and effective control over their implementation.
The ineffi ciency of organizational and management structures is demonstrated by several facts. In the departments of ecology and improvement of housing and communal services management, there are no employees capable of developing strategies, implementing them and ensuring control over their implementation. At the rural united territorial community level, there are no positions for someone in charge of environmental security or sustainable development. At the level of administrative districts, there are no institutions responsible for monitoring environmental safety. Environmental and natural resources departments of Regional State Administration do not have functional links to the district department and the smaller united territorial community as well. Strategies are being developed, but there is no way to ensure their proper implementation.
Additionally, research on the most important environmental problems of 30 united territorial communities of Ternopil region by interviewing the respondents showed that the research results were predictable (meaning 300 respondents). When asked: "What is most relevant to your united territorial community: street improvement, cooperative availability or quality of water supply?", the majority (78%) chose the last option. Among the most pressing environmental problems in the 20 united territorial communities of the Ternopil region, was the one connected with the sorting and recycling of solid waste. In 7 united territorial communities, the main problem is the lack of treatment facilities, and in 6 communities -the lack of centralized water supply and sanitation or its improper functioning. In the context of sustainable development, priority is given to the environmental issues, economic issues take the second place, administrative planning and social issues are in the third one. We have conducted a survey among the representatives of the united communities of the same Ternopil region, on whether an offi cial is responsible for the well-being and environment in the community. The majority (85%) said "yes", and only 15% (5 communities) held the opposite view (Tsaryk 2016).
Thus, the improvement of ecosystems both within settlements and administrative-territorial units seems problematic in the short term, and hence we will observe a deterioration of the environment due to the development of ecological tourism.

CONCLUSIONS
According to the results of the conducted research, it is possible to conclude that within the territory of Ukraine there are 5 regional recreational and conservation systems: western, north-eastern, central, eastern and southern with the developed nature protection and recreational infrastructure. The combined development of territorial recreational and conservation systems is a guarantee of the creation of ecological stabilization framework that will provide the environmental, anthropo-ecological and recreational functions of geosystems of Ukraine.
The progressive development of the tourist and recreational sphere requires the development of a special strategy of territorial development, the mechanism of which should be the procedure of landscape planning. The separation of the spatial boundaries of the composite elements of the tourism and recreational system was carried out on the example of the region of Ukraine caused by the need to compare them with the landscape structure of the territory and the analysis of the adequacy of the legal regime of land and nature management. An important functional role in ecotourism is played by recreational territories (national nature parks and regional landscape parks) and artifi cially created objects (botanical gardens, dendrological parks, parks and monuments of landscape art), since there are differentiated modes of nature management introduced here, taking into account recreational loads.
The strategic task of the perspective development of Ukraine, its administrative and territorial entities, in addition to economic and social dimensions, is to improve the geo-ecological situation. This task is considered a priority in the context of crisis ecosystems in the regions, since environmental quality is one of the leading criteria for quality of life of the population. However, in the real practice of management, we can see an underestimation and sometimes lack of attention paid to environmental development factors. And this is due to the imperfection of legal support, ineffi ciency of organizational and administrative structures, as well as lack of proper control over the actions of the authorities on the part of civil society.