Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education

Summary: The article refers to the development of the special educational course “Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education” . Prospective research results of the issue in question, as a way of implementing democratic principles in the pedagogical process of professional teacher training in the conditions of renovation of Ukrainian society and public activity development, have been defined. Studying of the educational discipline is aimed at: mastering by teachers-to-be the historical and pedagogical foundations of the formation and promotion of citizenship education in world educational systems in the context of civilizational development of mankind; learning of theoretical positions of citizenship education: the essence, pedagogical importance, purpose, tasks, principles, regularities; becoming proficient at methodical bases and tools (forms, methods, means) for realizing the tasks of citizenship education in the pedagogical process. What is more, future pedagogues are taught to use modern methods of diagnosis and evaluation of the quality of educational process to establish the level of citizenship education; to analyse and summarize the data of pedagogical diagnostics of civic education and use its results for improvement of the educational process; to implement the integration of content related to citizenship education in pedagogical activity; to implement the leading forms, methods and means of civic education in the pedagogical process; to build cooperative relations on the basis of social tolerance, democracy, recognition and respect for different views and beliefs.

implementation in the educational process.Finally, the problem of educating citizenship traditionally always relied on a family, school and church, but their main task was primarily to form youth tolerance, subordination and commitment, which considered the key components of responsible citizenship.Taking into consideration specified recent social changes and community processes, in the present circumstances the justification of such an approach to citizenship education is questionable and acutely controversial1 .
In the context of the above-mentioned issues, the research is aimed at carrying out a scientific theoretical substantiation and development of a special educational discipline "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education" 2 in accordance with the professional educational programme of teachers-to-be training.Thus, the tasks of the research are (1) to substantiate the scientific pedagogical principles and (2) to project the contents of the special training course, taking into account the promising foreign achievements in the field of formation of democratic citizenship in a higher school.
Historically, the idea of citizenship is based on the concept of participation in the common existence of a culturally homogeneous group and is associated with the implementation of functions that optimally ensure its livelihoods and survival.However, the complications of production processes and economic cooperation, the development of new means of transport and communication today have led to the integration and globalization, comprehensive in-depth contacts between Pobrane z czasopisma Annales N -Educatio Nova http://educatio.annales.umcs.plData: 14/09/2023 23:32:57 U M C S the most diverse cultural groups on a global scale.Thus, the development of cultural diversity of the population and the growth of interdependence between countries 10 necessitate the development of modern approaches to the definition of the phenomenon of civicism.This means that most of the citizenship education methodological and theoretical foundations and methodical provision need to be updated in accordance with the current sociocultural circumstances 11 .
From the middle of the 19 th century, the international community is convinced of the responsibility of a democratic government for educating citizens, which are a source of state power and an organizer of legislation and the entire socio-economic, political and cultural life of a country.Canadian researcher E. Ryerson wrote about this: "Civic education and civil liberties flourish or collapse together" 12 .
Public education is considered as means of forming national identities, it is the responsibility of the government to take care about schooling.In spite of the fact that initially the citizenship education correlates with the formation of loyalty to a country and a community, with the development of a statehood and the formation of a nation, the main emphasis of citizenship education gradually shifts from generally passive attachment to abstract social ideas and awareness of a societal community to the activation of the vital participation in the public life of a democratic country.
By the middle of the 20 th century, the phenomenon of democratic citizenship in the global world context is gradually being formalized as a concept that is no longer interpreted as just the legal, officially recognized status in a country with the corresponding consequences.Democratic citizenship is defined by four basic components: civil, comparative with the rights necessary to secure fundamental personal freedoms; political, which envisages the right to participate in political activity; social, related to the right on economic well-being and private safety; moral, which simulates the general idea of a "good citizen" 13 .
Furthermore, different approaches involve the implementation of such aspects of democratic citizenship as the development of a critical attitude and the need for active participation in social life, assimilation of basic information on national history, geography and culture.These tasks are consistently 10 V. Pogrebnyak, Mizhnarodna kontseptsiya polikul'turnoho vykhovannya, "Pedahohika vyshchoyi ta seredn 'oyi shkoly" 2013, № 37, pp.359-363 [in  implemented by pedagogues in educational institutions, starting with kindergarten; special attention is paid to the elucidative activity with adult population in the system of lifelong education, especially with immigrants 14 .Significant experience in raising and implementing the concept of democratic citizenship belongs to Canada.The formation of democracy and development of civil society led to a change in the interpretation of the essence and content components of democratic civicism in various social groups and in the educational process in certain regions of Canada 15 .The country conducts active theoretical researches for a holistic interpretation of the nature of citizenship and the improvement of the methodology for its formation.To ensure the joint effort of various institutions and assistance in coordinating federal and provincial initiatives in this area, the Canadian Association for the Social Sciences (CASS) has launched the Committee for Effective Canadian Citizenship Education.At the Faculty of Education of the University of New Brunswick they study its exclusive concepts and various aspects offered by Canadian and foreign scholars in order to develop a unified methodological and theoretical approach and, on this basis, to construct methodological principles for implementation citizenship education in the enlightening process of general and higher educational institutions, as well as in the system of postgraduate and lifelong education 16 .Similar studies are carried out by A. Sears at the University of British Columbia on the identification of the main methodological approaches, theoretical positions and methodical foundations, common in the pedagogical researches of many scholars, for the implementation of citizenship education 17 .
Consequently, the integration of scientific approaches to citizenship education allows us to consider this pedagogical phenomenon in the aggregate of the acquisition of knowledge of history, culture, social sciences; development of a critical and at the same time responsible civilian position, skills and abilities of participation in social life; the formation of respect and the desire to take care of and preserve the environment; understanding of own vocation and features of international relations in multicultural setting.Thus, citizenship education is a prerequisite and an effective means of building a democratic state and implementing socio-economic, cultural and educational policies in a country on the basis of humanism, mutual respect and tolerance.
Pobrane z czasopisma Annales N -Educatio Nova http://educatio.annales.umcs.plData: 14/09/2023 23:32:57 U M C S The above generalizations make it possible to assert that the scientific and theoretical substantiation, development and introduction of a special educational discipline "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education" 18 , taking into account prospective foreign achievements in the area of formation of democratic citizenship in the system of higher education, will contribute to the pedagogical process of teachers-to-be training, to the development of citizenship in the conditions of the reform of the national educational segment and to the realization of democratic principles of the civil society in educational activities of secondary and higher education in situation of updating Ukrainian society and the rise of public activity.
The methodological and theoretical principles for the realization of the tasks of citizenship education in the professional activities of a teacher are defined as the subject of the course "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education".
The purpose of the special training course is to familiarize students with theoretical and methodical bases, the current state and leading tendencies of citizenship education in the world pedagogical experience for forming their pedagogical competence and to enable the use of the best pedagogical achievements in practical educational activities in the context of building a democratic society in Ukraine.
In accordance with the goal, we anticipate the implementation of the following main tasks of the discipline: − coverage of the history of the formation and promotion of responsible democratic citizenship in the context of cultural and civilizational development of mankind, disclosure of specifics and tools for implementation of civil education on a democratic basis, − broadening general and citizenship education, encouraging responsible attitude to the community life and the state as a whole, ensuring the awareness by educators of the significance of civic education of a person in conditions of democratization of Ukrainian society and integration into the European and world community, − implementation of civic education of a specialist on the basis of familiarizing students with the essence, methodological and theoretical principles, the current state and relevant trends in this direction of education in the world of pedagogical data, formation of personal citizenship consciousness and the responsible professional-pedagogical position of future teachers as the main preconditions for practical implementation of civic education of youth, − assistance in the integrated development of general (instrumental, interpersonal and systemic) and special competencies of students in accordance with the need for quality assurance of professional pedagogical training in a higher educational institution on the basis of the Bologna Process.The results of the study of the course are the mastery of the historical and pedagogical foundations of the formation and promotion of citizenship education in world educational systems in the context of the cultural and civilizational development of mankind; assimilation of the theoretical positions of civic education: the essence, pedagogical value, purpose, tasks, principles, regularities; methodical bases and tools (forms, methods, means) for realizing the tasks of citizenship education in the pedagogical process.Furthermore, future specialists are trained to use modern methods of diagnosis and assessment of the quality of the educational process to establish a level of citizenship education; to analyse and generalize the actual data of pedagogical diagnostics of civic education and use its results for improvement of the instructive process; to integrate the contents of citizenship education in pedagogical activity; to implement the leading forms, methods and means of civic education in the pedagogical process; to build relationships on the basis of social tolerance, democracy, recognition and respect for different views, opinions and beliefs.
An important condition for achieving the goal and realization of the tasks of the special educational discipline "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education" we consider to be ensuring its comprehensive study in line with the whole psychological and pedagogical training in higher education, in particular, through the implementation of interdisciplinary connections with general and social pedagogy, pedagogy of higher education, comparative pedagogy, teaching methods, the theory of pedagogical management, bases of methodology and organization of scientific research, pedagogical technologies of training, general, age and educational psychology, sociology, political science, law, culture and ethics.
The content of the academic course "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education" is structured according to three syllabus units: (1) "Historical and Pedagogical Principles of Formation of Citizenship Education", (2) "The Experience of Citizenship Education in World Educational Systems", (3) "Methodology and Theory of Citizenship Education in a Democratic Society".The offered thematic content of the course is presented in Table 1.

Genesis of citizenship education in historical and pedagogical thought
Formation and development of citizenship education in historical and pedagogical thought.Pedagogical views of V. Antonovich, P. Blonsky, J. Brodi, S. Dorrel, M. Dragomanov, B. Grinchenko, M. Hrushevsky, G. Kershensteiner, J. Locke, S. Nieto, G. Vaschenko on the essence of citizenship education.Theory and methodical principles of the implementation of citizenship education in the pedagogical heritage of J. Dewey, A. Makarenko, V. Sukhomlynsky, S. Shatsky 3.

The content of citizenship education in the system of universal and national values
The essence of universal and national values in the context of the formation of citizenship.Citizenship of an individual as a set of moral, political and legal culture, a sense of self-confidence and inner freedom.Components of the content of public education (patriotism, national identity, planetary consciousness, legal consciousness, political culture, careful attitude to nature, morality, culture of behaviour, motivation to work) Unit 2. The Experience of Citizenship Education in World Educational Systems 1.

Citizenship education in Australia, Canada and the United States
Approaches to the implementation of the strategy of building a democratic civil society.Political and legal education and upbringing.Citizenship education in general educational institutions and high school.Overcoming civil nihilism and passivity.Pedagogical training of a teacher for realization of tasks of citizenship education 2.

Citizenship education in European countries
Educational and enlightening policies of Great Britain, Germany and France on the issues of democratic citizenship formation.The implementation of the ideas of democracy and civil society in educational systems of Denmark, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Spain and Sweden.Citizenship education in the Russian Federation and Ukraine 3.
The system of citizenship education in the countries of Asia and Africa Citizenship education in Malaysia and the South African Republic.Implementation of the principles of democratization and formation of democratic citizenship in practice of educational systems of Israel and Japan.Traditions and innovations in the system of citizenship education and schooling in the countries of the East and Africa The main teaching methods of the course are the lecture, the narrative, the explanation, the conversation, the educational discussion, the dialogue, the annotation, the reviewing, the design and execution of practical research tasks, the modelling pedagogical situations, the solving of creative individual tasks, the actualisation of the personal experience, trainings, multimedia presentations of educational materials.
In order to ensure the qualitative assimilation of the content of the course on the basis of the study and theoretical analysis of scientific and methodical literature on the problems of the discipline, we offer students to complete the tasks of independent (individual) work in the form of a structured learning-and-research report.
Predefined topics may be changed in accordance with the students' scientific interests as a result of the appropriate reasoning.In this case, the formulation of the topic and the selection of the source base are carried out by the students on their own and are criteria for evaluation.An alternative form of independent work is to define the preparation of a scientific article (speech, message) for publication or presentation at student's scientific events: conferences, seminars, Olympiads, during the presentation of research works, etc.
Valuation of the quality of students' execution of the program of the course "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education" can be carried out with the help of procedures of current, modular and final control.
Current control is directed to checking the systematic work and the level of actual mastering the content of the discipline.The forms of ongoing control are determined by a pedagogue.
Pobrane z czasopisma Annales N -Educatio Nova http://educatio.annales.umcs.plData: 14/09/2023 23:32:57 U M C S Modular control is carried out as a result of work on mastering the themes of a separate module (unit).Forms of modular control are selected by students in agreement with the instructor (oral/written interview, conversation, etc.).
The final e valuation of the course consists of all the points gained by a student during the current and modular types of control.
Thus, we expect that the study of the special educational discipline "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education" will ensure the personal development and learning by future teachers: the historical and pedagogical principles of formation and promotion of citizenship education in world educational systems in the context of cultural and civilizational development of mankind; theoretical positions of citizenship education and upbringing (essence, pedagogical significance, purpose, tasks, principles, regularities); methodical bases and tools (forms, methods, means) for realizing the tasks of citizenship education in the pedagogical process.
At the same time, we suppose that the practical orientation of the course will contribute to the implementation of modern methods of diagnosis and assessment of the quality of the educational and upbringing procedures for establishing the level of civic education; analysing and generalizing the information of pedagogical diagnostics of citizenship education and using its results for the improvement of the educational process; implementation and integration of the content of citizenship education in pedagogical activities; the application of the leading forms, methods and means of citizenship education and upbringing in the pedagogical process, as well as the construction of pedagogically advisable relationships on the basis of social tolerance, democracy, acknowledgement and respect for different views, traditions and beliefs.
Consequently, the implementation of the premeditated special educational course "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education" in the pedagogical process of teacher training and the experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of selection and usage of its contents, forms and teaching methods constitute the prospect of further scientific research on the topic.

Table 1 .
Structure and content of special educational course "Forming Democratic Citizenship of a Teacher in the System of Higher Pedagogical Education"