Hyper-hyponymic relations in noun-juxtapositions of the Ukrainian terminology

The research in the field of terminology is considered relevant since terminological research is global, universal, and because of scientific and technological progress, takes dominant positions and becomes an active characteristic of many trends in vocabulary and word formation in general [1: 76]. Today linguistics is represented by a large number of scientific studies that examine different aspects of terminology – its structural organization, lexicalsemantic relations in term systems, loan words amounting to terms, etc. (Proceedings by D. S. Lotte [2; 3], V. P. Danylenko [1; 4], V. M. Ovcharenko [5], B. M. Golovin [6], F. A. Tsytkina [7], А. V. Superanska [8], T. I. Panko, I. M. Kochan, G. P. Matsyuk [9; 10], L. O. Symonenko [11; 12], L. V. Kozak [13], T. V. Lepeha [14], L. M. Filyuk [15], O. V. Chorna [16], A. V. Zenina [17] and others). The meaning of the words is worth exploring more fully in the system, because “the meaning of the word, its value (significance) depends on the meanings of some other words semantically related to it in a greater or lesser extent” [18: 267]. Terminology is a “described subsystem of the general lexical system in a particular language, and that the system, most available for review and calculation” [19: 20]. The goal of our study is a general analysis of hyper-hyponymic relations between noun-juxtapositions components on the basis of the Ukrainian terminology. The goal includes the following tasks: 1) to find out the importance of hyper-hypHyper-hyponymic relations in noun-juxtapositions of the Ukrainian terminology LARYSA Y. AZAROVA, LUDMILA A. RADOMSKA


INTRODUCTION
The research in the field of terminology is considered relevant since terminological research is global, universal, and because of scientific and technological progress, takes dominant positions and becomes an active characteristic of many trends in vocabulary and word formation in general [1: 76].
The meaning of the words is worth exploring more fully in the system, because "the meaning of the word, its value (significance) depends on the meanings of some other words semantically related to it in a greater or lesser extent" [18: 267].Terminology is a "described subsystem of the general lexical system in a particular language, and that the system, most available for review and calculation" [19: 20].
The goal of our study is a general analysis of hyper-hyponymic relations between noun-juxtapositions components on the basis of the Ukrainian terminology.The goal includes the following tasks: 1) to find out the importance of hyper-hyp- onymic relations for the research of terminological vocabulary; 2) to examine the setter of hyper-hyponymic relations between noun-juxtapositions components; 3) to determine the basic semantic groups of noun-juxtapositions belonging to terminological vocabulary for the conventional value of hyperonym.

THE IMPORTANCE OF HYPER-HYPONYMY FOR THE RESEARCH OF TERMINOLOGICAL VOCABULARY
As any lexical-semantic system is based on relations, their study is considered extremely important for regulating and systematizing terminology, constructing the hierarchy of concepts in some fields of knowledge.There is no doubt that investigation of semantic relations "allows to specify theoretical understanding of the terminology systemic nature on the semantic level, and... also identify patterns of systemic correlation of the expression plan and the content plan of the specific professional terminological system" [20: 207].
We certainly agree with the opinion of linguists about the fact that at the heart of hierarchical organization of vocabulary and terminology, particularly in the development of vocabulary, underlie paradigmatic relations, because "the term dependence on subsystem concepts is developed in particular paradigmatics, in the specific characteristics of compatibility with other terms within each terminological system" [21: 123].M. P. Kocherhan believes that the meaning of the word depends on its position in the lexical-semantic paradigm, that is from its paradigmatic relations: "Words as well as phonemes, morphemes, constructions, are positioned between each other in different oppositions and united into different paradigms.Paradigmatic relations in the lexical-semantic system are the relations between words and groups of words based on community or opposition of their meanings" [18: 266].
In the system of paradigmatic relations hyper-hyponymy (from gr.Hyper -'floor, above normal over' and hypo -'below, under') "is one of the most important categories that is forming terminological structure" [16: 177].Relevance of research of hyper-hyponymic relations is conditioned to the fact that they are used to analyze different groups of lexic and vocabulary of the language in general.The researchers note the importance of hyper-hyponymy in solving problems of ordering vocabulary, describing its thematic connections and also for lexicographic work as "binding principle of organization of dictionary of any type is a definition of the word by genus and species difference" [16: 177].
To indicate this semantic categories in linguistics mainly terms "hyper-hyponymic relations " [9: 192; 22; 14; 23; 20 and many others] or "genus-species relationship" (parallel) are used, along with them often the concepts of "hyponymy" [24: 478; 25: 241; 26: 97; 27: 81; 18: 269; 28: 2; 29 and others], "categorical-specification", "inclusive-exclusive relationship" [30] are used.For the first time the concept of "hyponymy" was used in the book "Introduction to theoretical linguistics" (translation from English) by a famous English scientist John Lyons.He called the relationships of hyponymy "the most fundamental paradigmatic semantic relations, through which the vocabulary of a language is structured" [23: 478].The term was formed by an example of "synonymy" and "antonymy".The linguist said: "Although the term is a new, the notion of hyponymy is fairly traditional; it has been recognized as one of the constitutive principles of the vocabulary of all languages long since» [23: 478].The statement of an Austrian terminologist E. Vyuster recorded in the book "International standardization of language in technology" (published in 1931, translated from German) serves the proof of this: "Each concept has a higher concept that regards to it, as a concept of a car regards to the concept of a motor (every motor is a machine, but not every machine is a motor)" [31: 29].
L. A. Novikov calls the hyponymy in terminology as expressing of subordination and co-subordination and building on their basis hierarchy system of terms, in which the term of a broader meaning, i.e. generic, includes the term of a narrower meaning, i.e. of aspect [25: 241].Hyponymy, says the researcher further, is based on logical and semantic subordination: a lexical unit elephant is a hyponym to animal, tulip -to flower.Conversely, in terms of inverse relationship (superordination) animal, flower -are hyperonyms to the appropriate words [25: 241].
The main functions of hyponyms in terminological systems of different fields of science and technology are to systematize the timing and interpretation of values [29: 92].These functions are implemented in terminology by two methods: generalization, i.e. referring to the generic concept, and specification of features using aspect differences [32: 17].Except systematization function, generic-aspect signs in denoted term by subject (and corresponding concept) are required to get a good definition of a term [6: 82].
In linguistics there exist allegations of hierarchy and relative of hyponymy.Describing hierarchy of hyponymy, they use the concepts of logical and semantic subordination (the ratio of aspect to generic) and superordination (the ratio of generic to aspect): "... hyperonym subjugates words meanings of which it «absorbs», the last ones collectively are subordinated to the general word" [27: 81].Relativity of hyponymy consists in that hyperonym itself can be hyponym to the words with a broader meaning.For example, the word flower is hyperonym to the words rose, tulip, carnation and at the same time hyponym to the broader concept of the plant [27: 81].This property of hyponymy is important enough to organize lexical systems, especially for terminology, as it enables consistently allocate classes and subclasses of lexical items (terms).

THE WAY OF ESTABLISHMENT OF HYPER-HYPONYMIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS OF NOUN-JUXTAPOSITIONS
The division of semantics of the term-juxtapositions into separate components we realize conventionally as it contradicts their established interpretation in linguistics (Proceedings by N. F. Klymenko [37], K. H. Horodens'ka [38], Ye. A. Karpilovs'ka [39], L. Ye.Azarova [40;41], T. I. Kochetkova [42], O. H. Dontsova [43], I. Ya.Myslyva-Bun'ko [44] and others).Noun-juxtaposition is a semantically inseparable integral unit, its general meaning is not derived from the meanings of the components but it is partially motivated by their content.Juxtapositions serving as naming, nomination consist of components -carriers of compulsory integral characteristic of a signified concept.For example, the semantics of the first component noun-juxtapositions економіст-демограф, інженер-будівельник, інженер-інструктор, прокурор-криміналіст, технікгеолог, технік-метеоролог supplemented, specifying the semantics of the second component.Meaning of these words can not be separated into components, since it disturbed the meaning of all compound words.Therefore, considering hyperhyponymic relations between the components of noun-juxtapositions we took into account conditionality of division of juxtapositions semantics into separate components.
Hyperonym in composed of noun-juxtaposit is named the main, generic component and hyponym is named subordinate, aspect component.
The substance of hyponymic relations is in the contrast of lexical items which meanings relate to a particular feature such as a word for the narrower sense, species (h y p o n y m) which is opposed to the word with a wider sense, generic (h y p e r o n y m or superordynat).The meaning of the first is a part of the meaning of the second, for example, the meaning of the word програма-оригінал is a part of the meaning of the word програма, нуль-вектор → вектор, місто-округ → місто, etc.So the content of the species concept becomes wider and the size becomes smaller, so the meaning of words-hyponyms contains of bigger quantity of semantic components than the meaning of words-hyperonyms.This statement is illustrated by the comparison of the following terms: льон -'annual or perennial herbaceous tech plant which stems are used to produce fiber and which seeds are used to produce oil' and льон-довгунець -'breed of flax (annual or perennial herbaceous tech plant) with long productive part of the stem, which is grown mainly for fiber'.The term льон-довгунець contains more semantic components than the term льон because semantics of the first one is specified by another semantic component -'the form of the stem'.Schematically it can be shown as follows (Figure 1): Meaning of a hyponym = Meaning of a hyperonym + new semantic component Hyponyms can be described as words which are organized on the principle of the subordination of meanings, for example, інженер-технолог-протезист → інженер-технолог → інженер.