Child Protection Policies in the Context of Custody Disputes and International Contact with a Violent Parent

Maria Izabela Giryn-Boudy

Abstract


The article addresses the issue of parental alienation in the context of international contact between a child and a parent who engages in abusive behaviour. The analysis focuses on the impact of domestic violence and psychological manipulation on the child-parent relationship, court decisions and the family mediation process. The paper draws on case studies, court documents and literature, including cases such as Re G (Children) and Golan v. Saada. It highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary approach that integrates legal, psychological, and social aspects in protecting children’s rights. It also discusses the limitations of research related to incomplete access to court documentation, which hinders the ability to generalize the findings.


Keywords


parental alienation; domestic violence; family policy; international contacts with children; family mediation; parental alienation syndrome (PAS); child protection; care conflicts

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


Aloia L.S., Strutzenberg C., Parent–Child Communication Apprehension: The Role of Parental Alienation and Self-Esteem, „Communication Reports” 2019, vol. 32, no. 1.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth edition. Washington, DC 2013: American Psychiatric Association. APSAC. Psychosocial Evaluation of Suspected Psychological Maltreatment in Children and Adolescents. Practice Guidelines. 1995. American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children.

Baker A.J., The Cult of Parenthood: A Qualitative Study of Parental Alienation, „Cultic Studies Review” 2005, vol. 4, no. 1.

Baker A.J., Patterns of Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Qualitative Study of Adults Who Were Alienated from a Parent as a Child, „The American Journal of Family Therapy” 2006, vol. 34, no. 1.

Baker A.J., Reliability and Validity of the Four‐Factor Model of Parental Alienation, „Journal of Family Therapy” 2020, vol. 42, no. 1.

Błażek M., Lewandowska-Walter A., Alienacja rodzicielska a przemoc emocjonalna – podejście systemowe w diagnozie problemu, „Dziecko Krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka” 2022, t. 21, nr 1.

Cummings E.M., Davies P.T., Marital Conflict and Children: An Emotional Security Perspective, New York 2010.

Darnall D., The Psychosocial Treatment of Parental Alienation, „Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics” 2011, vol. 20, no. 3.

Doka K., How could God, [w:] J. Kauffman (ed.), Loss of the Assumptive World: A Theory of Traumatic Loss, New York 2002.

Friedlander S., Walters M.G., When a Child Rejects a Parent: Tailoring the Intervention to Fit the Problem, „Family Court Review” 2010, vol. 48.

Garber B.D., Parental Alienation and the Dynamics of the Enmeshed Parent-Child Dyad: Adultification, Parentification, and Infantilization, „Family Court Review” 2011, vol. 49, no. 2.

Johnston J.R., Walters M.G., Olesen N.W., Is It Alienating Parenting, Role Reversal or Child Abuse? A Study of Children’s Rejection of a Parent in Child Custody Disputes, „Journal of Emotional Abuse” 2005, vol. 5, no. 4.

Kelly J.B., Johnston J.R., The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome, „Family Court Review” 2001, vol. 39, no. 3.

Kernberg O.F., Boundaries and Structure in Love Relations, „Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association” 1977, vol. 25, no. 1.

Marsden J., Saunders L., Harman J.J., Pilot Study of Parental Alienation Items in the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale, „Journal of Affective Disorders” 2024, vol. 367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.123.

Mercer J., Are Intensive Parental Alienation Treatments Effective and Safe for Children and Adolescents?, „Journal of Child Custody” 2019, vol. 16, no. 1.

Milchman M.S., Geffner R., Meier J.S., Ideology and Rhetoric Replace Science and Reason in Some Parental Alienation Literature and Advocacy: A Critique, „Family Court Review” 2020, vol. 58, no. 2.

Monè J.G., Biringen Z., Perceived Parent-Child Alienation: Empirical Assessment of Parent-Child Relationships Within Divorced and Intact Families, „Journal of Divorce and Remarriage” 2006, vol. 45, no. 3–4.

Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) – Valid Theory or Debunked Sham?, https://www.coralspringslaw.com/divorce-newsletter-archives/parental-alienation-syndrom-pas-valid-theory-or-debunked-sham/ [dostęp: 30.05.2025].

Psychomedic, https://psychomedic.pl/dsm-5/?utm_source=chatgpt.com [dostęp: 15.07.2025]

Roszak M., Parenting in Conflict – Parental Alienation: Netnographic Research, „Society Register” 2021, vol. 5, no. 2.

Martínez-Pampliega A., Herrero M., Cormenzana S., Corral S., Sanz M., Merino L., Iriarte L., Ochoa de Alda I., Alcañiz L., Álvarez I., Custody and Child Symptomatology in High Conflict Divorce: An Analysis of Latent Profiles, „Psicothema” 2021, vol. 33, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.224.

Taylor-Potter S., Effects of Past Parental Alienation and Ongoing Estrangement from Adult Children on Non-Custodial Parents as They Age, Long Beach, CA 2015.

Templer K., Matthewson M., Haines J., Cox G., Recommendations for Best Practice in Response to Parental Alienation: Findings from a Systematic Review, „Journal of Family Therapy” 2017, vol. 39, no. 1.

Vassiliou D., Cartwright G.F., The Lost Parents’ Perspective on Parental Alienation Syndrome, „American Journal of Family Therapy” 2001, vol. 29, no. 3.

Zespół alienacji rodzicielskiej – co powinien wiedzieć profesjonalista?, https://alienacjarodzicielska. pl/zespol-alienacji-rodzicielskiej-co-powinien-wiedziec-profesjonalista/ [dostęp: 30.05.2025].

Akty Prawne

Konwencja dotycząca cywilnych aspektów uprowadzenia dziecka za granicę, sporządzona w Hadze dnia 25 października 1980 r. (Dz.U. z 1995 r. nr 108, poz. 528).

Rozporządzenie Rady (WE) nr 2201/2003 z dnia 27 listopada 2003 r. dotyczące jurysdykcji oraz uznawania i wykonywania orzeczeń w sprawach małżeńskich oraz w sprawach odpowiedzialności rodzicielskiej (Dz.U. L 338 z 23.12.2003).

National Domestic Violence Hotline, https://www.thehotline.org/ [dostęp: 31.05.2025].

UNICEF, raporty i analizy dotyczące przemocy domowej i praw dziecka, https://www.unicef.org/ [dostęp: 30.05.2025].

WHO, dokumenty dotyczące zdrowia psychicznego i przemocy domowej, https://www.who.int/ [dostęp: 30.05.2025].

Willis B., Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Paradigm of Pseudo-Science in Child Custody Litigation, „Family Court Review” 2007, vol. 45, no. 1.

Women’s Aid Organization, https://wao.org.my/ [dostęp: 30.05.2025].

Orzecznictwo

Garber B.D., Parental Alienation and The Dynamics of the Enmeshed Parent–Child Dyad: Adultification, Parentification, and Infantilization, „Family Court Review” 2011, vol. 49, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01374.x.

Judgement of the High Court in the case Re D (A Child) of 2010, EWCA Civ 50, https://www.4pb.com/case-detail/re-d-a-child-2010/ [dostęp: 4.05.2025].

Judgement of the Court of Appeal in the case L (Children) of 2006, EWCA Civ 1282, https://www.familylawweek.co.uk/judgments/l-children-2006-ewca-civ-1282/ [dostęp: 5.05.2025].

Judgement of the Court of Appeal in the case Re G (A Child) of 2013, EWCA Civ 965, https://www.familylawweek.co.uk/judgments/g-a-child-2013-ewca-civ-965/ [dostęp: 30.05.2025].




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/adr.2024.1.9-27
Date of publication: 2025-09-15 15:10:11
Date of submission: 2025-05-15 21:36:59


Statistics


Total abstract view - 0
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (Język Polski) - 0

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Izabela Giryn-Boudy

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.