Finansowe, bilansowe i podatkowe konsekwencje ataku typu ransomware

Đorđe Krivokapić, Andrea Nikolić, Aleksandra Stefanović, Miloš Milosavljević

Streszczenie w języku polskim


Oprogramowanie typu ransomware jest obecnie istotnym zagrożeniem w zakresie cyberbezpieczeństwa. W niniejszym artykule analizujemy finansowe konsekwencje ataków typu ransomware, a także motywy zapłaty okupu przez ofiarę takiego ataku oraz prawne, bilansowe i podatkowe konsekwencje takiej zapłaty. Podejście metodologiczne zastosowane w pracy stanowi połączenie metody formalno-dogmatycznej z metodą krytyki literatury. Na początku opisujemy wszelkie potencjalne straty, jakie mogą wynikać z ataku ransomware. Następnie poddajemy analizie warunki, w których zapłata przez jednostkę organizacyjną okupu jakiegokolwiek rodzaju, w tym wymuszonego drogą komputerową, jest legalna, a także inne względy, które ofiara musi wziąć pod uwagę, decydując się na zapłatę okupu. W tym zakresie analizujemy bilansowe i podatkowe implikacje strat poniesionych na skutek ataku ransomware, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zapłaty okupu.


Słowa kluczowe


ransomware; złośliwe oprogramowanie; płatność; konsekwencje bilansowe

Pełny tekst:

PDF (English)

Bibliografia


LITERATURE

Broder J.F., Tucker E., Risk Analysis and the Security Survey, Oxford 2012.

Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz K., Karpiuk M., Kostrubiec J., Introduction, [in:] K. Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz, M. Karpiuk, J. Kostrubiec, The Legal Status of Public Entities in the Field of Cybersecurity in Poland, Maribor 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4335/2021.5.

Custers B., Oerlemans J.-J., Pool R., Laundering the Profits of Ransomware, “European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice” 2020, vol. 28(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02802002.

Dey D., Lahiri A., Should We Outlaw Ransomware Payments?, [in:] Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2021.794.

Falcao T., Michel B., Taxation of Cryptocurrencies, “SSRN Electronic Journal” 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4193099.

Galinkin E., Winning the Ransomware Lottery: A Game-Theoretic Approach to Preventing Ransomware Attacks, [in:] Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90370-1_11.

Hoffman I., Kostrubiec J., Political Freedoms and Rights in Relation to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland and Hungary in a Comparative Legal Perspective, “Białostockie Studia Prawnicze” 2022, vol. 27(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.02.02.

Karpiuk N., Blockchain as a Non-Standard Response to the Limitation of Positive Law in the Social Media Environment, “Studia Iuridica Lublinensia” 2021, vol. 30(5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.5.295-307.

Kostrubiec J., The Role of Public Order Regulations as Acts of Local Law in the Performance of Tasks in the Field of Public Security by Local Self-government in Poland, “Lex localis – Journal of Local Self-Government” 2021, vol. 19(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.4335/19.1.111-129(2021).

Kramer S., Bradfield J.C., A General Definition of Malware, “Journal in Computer Virology” 2009, vol. 6(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11416-009-0137-1.

Krivokapić Đ., Nikolić A., Legal Obligations and Liability in a Ransomware Attack, “Zbornik radova Kopaoničke škole prirodnog prava – Slobodan Perović” 2022, vol. 3.

Lee H., Choi K.-S., Interrelationship between Bitcoin, Ransomware, and Terrorist Activities: Criminal Opportunity Assessment via Cyber-Routine Activities Theoretical Framework, “Victims and Offenders” 2021, vol. 16(3), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2020.1835764.

Leo P., Isik Ö., Muhly F., The Ransomware Dilemma, “MIT Sloan Management Review” 2022, vol. 63(4).

Liew J., Li R., Budavári T., Sharma A., Cryptocurrency Investing Examined, “Journal of the British Blockchain Association” 2019, vol. 2(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-2-2-(2)2019.

Mehra C., Sharma A.K., Sharma A., Elucidating Ransomware Attacks in Cyber-Security, “International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering” 2019, vol. 9(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.A8106.119119.

Nadir I., Bakhshi T., Contemporary Cybercrime: A Taxonomy of Ransomware Threats and Mitigation Techniques, International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (ICoMET) 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/icomet.2018.8346329.

O’Kane P., Sezer S., Carlin D., Evolution of Ransomware, “IET Networks” 2018, vol. 7(5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-net.2017.0207.

Peters A., Jordan A., Countering the Cyber Enforcement Gap: Strengthening Global Capacity on Cybercrime, “Journal of National Security Law and Policy” 2020, vol. 10.

Putnik N., Milošević M., Cvetković V., Ransomware as a Security Threat: Social and Criminal Legislation Aspects, “Socioloski Pregled” 2022, vol. 56(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/socpreg56-36845.

Reshmi T.R., Information Security Breaches Due to Ransomware Attacks – a Systematic Literature Review, “International Journal of Information Management Data Insights” 2021, vol. 1(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100013.

Smith G.S., Recognizing and Preparing Loss Estimates from Cyber-Attacks, “Information Systems Security” 2004, vol. 12(6), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/1086/44022.12.6.20040101/79786.8.

Spasenic Z., Milosavljevic M., Milanovic N., Project Financing of Renewable Energy Projects: A Bibliometric Analysis and Future Research Agenda, “Fresenius Environmental Bulletin” 2022, vol. 31(8).

Trimborn S., Li M., Härdle W.K., Investing with Cryptocurrencies – a Liquidity Constrained Investment Approach, “Journal of Financial Econometrics” 2019, vol. 18(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jjfinec/nbz016.

Turner A.B., McCombie S., Uhlmann A.J., Discerning Payment Patterns in Bitcoin from Ransomware Attacks, “Journal of Money Laundering Control” 2020, vol. 23(3), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-02-2020-0012.

Wang X., An B., Chan H., Who Should Pay the Cost: A Game-Theoretic Model for Government Subsidized Investments to Improve National Cybersecurity, [in:] Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/834.

Williamson D.T., Staley A.B., Ransomware: Tax Compliance Issues for a New Reality, “Tax Management Memorandum” 2017, vol. 58(12).

Xi D., O’Brien T.I., Irannezhad E., Investigating the Investment Behaviors in Cryptocurrency, “Journal of Alternative Investments” 2020, vol. 23(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.3905/jai.2020.1.108.

Young A.L., Yung M., Cryptovirology, “Communications of the ACM” 2017, vol. 60(7), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3097347.

Yuryna Connolly A., Borrion H., Reducing Ransomware Crime: Analysis of Victims’ Payment Decisions, “Computers and Security” 2022, vol. 119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2022.102760.

Zimba A., Chishimba M., On the Economic Impact of Crypto-Ransomware Attacks: The State of the Art on Enterprise Systems, “European Journal for Security Research” 2019, vol. 4(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41125-019-00039-8.

ONLINE SOURCES

Claroty, The Global State of Industrial Cybersecurity 2021: Resilience Amid Disruption, 2021, https://security.claroty.com/report/global-state-industrial-cybersecurity-survey-2021 (access: 16.11.2022).

CoveWare, Fewer Ransomware Victims Pay, as Median Ransom Falls in Q2 2022, 28.7.2022, https://www.coveware.com/blog/2022/7/27/fewer-ransomware-victims-pay-as-medium-ransom-falls-in-q2-2022 (access: 15.11.2022).

Donovan F., CISOs Stockpile Cryptocurrency in Case of Ransomware Attack, 25.7.2018, https://healthitsecurity.com/news/cisos-stockpile-cryptocurrency-in-case-of-ransomware-attack (access: 16.11.2022).

Elam E., Wange B., Florida Follows North Carolina in Prohibiting State Agencies from Paying Ransoms, 23.7.2022, https://www.databreaches.net/florida-follows-north-carolina-in-prohibiting-state-agencies-from-paying-ransoms (access: 16.11.2022).

European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, ENISA Threat Landscape 2021, https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/enisa-threat-landscape-2021 (access: 27.10.2022).

Freed B., North Carolina Moves Toward Ban on Ransomware Payments, 14.5.2021, https://statescoop.com/north-carolina-moves-toward-ban-on-ransomware-payments (access: 16.11.2022).

International Accounting Standards Board, Conceptual Framework 2018, https://www.ifrs.org/projects/completed-projects/2018/conceptual-framework (access: 10.11.2022).

Labro T., Ransomware, la nouvelle doctrine française, 23.9.2022, https://paperjam.lu/article/ransomware-nouvelle-doctrine-f (access: 16.11.2022).

McKeith S., Australia to Consider Banning Paying of Ransoms to Cyber Criminals, 14.11.2022, https://www.reuters.com/technology/australia-consider-banning-paying-ransoms-cyber-criminals-2022-11-12 (access: 16.11.2022).

Pain D., Noordhoek D., Ransomware: An Insurance Market Perspective, July 2022, https://www.genevaassociation.org/sites/default/files/research-topics-document-type/pdf_public/ransomware_web.pdf (access: 15.11.2022).

Ransomware Task Force, Combating Ransomware, 2021, https://securityandtechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/IST-Ransomware-Task-Force-Report.pdf (access: 16.11.2022).

Rasch M., States Prohibit Ransomware Payments, 8.7.2022. https://securityboulevard.com/2022/07/states-prohibit-ransomware-payments (access: 16.11.2022).

Rauch S., The Rise of Ransomware in the Era of Covid-19, 28.10.2021, https://www.simplilearn.com/rise-of-ransomware-in-the-era-of-covid-article (access: 16.11.2022).

Republic Geodetic Authority (RGZ), IT infrastruktura RGZ meta intenzivnog hakerskog napada, 15.6.2022, https://www.rgz.gov.rs/vesti/5028/vest/it-infrastruktura-rgz-a-meta-intenzivnog-hakerskog-napada (access: 15.11.2022).

Slattery T., Kirrane G., How to Manage the Risk of a Ransomware Attack, 20.5.2021, https://www.ey.com/en_ie/cybersecurity/how-to-manage-the-risk-of-a-ransomware-attack (access: 17.10.2022).

Updated Advisory on Potential Sanctions Risks for Facilitating Ransomware Payments, 21.9.2021, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/126/ofac_ransomware_advisory.pdf (access: 17.11.2022).

LEGAL ACTS

Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (consolidated text, 2018).

Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia.

Law on Accounting and Auditing of the Republic of Serbia.

Law on Corporate Profit Tax of the Republic of Serbia.

Law on Digital Property of the Republic of Serbia.

Law on Information Security of the Republic of Serbia.

Law on Obligations of the Republic of Serbia.

Law on Personal Data Protection of the Republic of Serbia.

Law on Value Added Tax of the Republic of Serbia.

Rulebook on Chart of Accounts of the Republic of Serbia.

Rulebook on Value Added Tax of the Republic of Serbia.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.1.191-211
Data publikacji: 2023-03-28 11:24:06
Data złożenia artykułu: 2023-01-16 14:34:39


Statystyki


Widoczność abstraktów - 814
Pobrania artykułów (od 2020-06-17) - PDF (English) - 0

Wskaźniki



Odwołania zewnętrzne

  • Brak odwołań zewnętrznych


Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Đorđe Krivokapić, Andrea Nikolić, Aleksandra Stefanović, Miloš Milosavljević

Creative Commons License
Powyższa praca jest udostępniana na lcencji Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.