Zarządzanie morzem portugalskim – od aktorów politycznych do koordynacji międzyrządowej i sektorowej. Ujęcie prawne

Fátima Castro Moreira

Streszczenie w języku polskim


Ratyfikacja przez Portugalię Konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych o prawie morza w 1997 r. pociągnęła za sobą konieczność stworzenia odpowiedniej strategii służącej do wspomagania decydentów politycznych. Dokonała tego Komisja Strategiczna ds. Oceanów – jednostka utworzona w 2003 r. w celu promowania planu strategicznego opartego na zrównoważonym wykorzystaniu oceanu i jego zasobów. Ocean powinien być postrzegany nie tylko jako zbiornik wodny mający różne zastosowania i działania, lecz także jako najcenniejszy zasób naturalny, który należy chronić, zachowywać i cenić. Model polityczny zaproponowany w raporcie sugerował utworzenie wyspecjalizowanej Rady Ministrów, zajmującej się formułowaniem polityk i wytycznych planistycznych oraz koordynacją zintegrowanego zarządzania tym sektorem, wspieranej przez podmiot o charakterze głównie technicznym, a także opracowaniem globalnej polityki morskiej, obejmującej strategię narodową, regularną ocenę zagadnień morskich i koordynację polityk sektorowych. Artykuł rozpoczyna się od analizy tego strategicznego odniesienia jako modelu zarządzania przedstawiającego powiązania pomiędzy różnymi podmiotami. Obecne podejście wymaga, aby ten model zarządzania był wielopoziomowy: globalny, kontynentalny/regionalny i krajowy/lokalny.


Słowa kluczowe


zarządzanie morzem portugalskim; model zarządzania; strategia; Portugalia; Konwencja Narodów Zjednoczonych o prawie morza

Pełny tekst:

PDF (English)

Bibliografia


LITERATURE

Bache I., Bartle I., Flinders M., Multi-Level Governance, [in:] Handbook on Theories of Governance, eds. C. Ansell, J. Torfing, Cheltenham–Northampton 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800371972.00056.

Becker-Weinberg V., Recognition of Marine Environmental Crimes within International Law: A New Global Paradigm for the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment, [in:] The Environmental Rule of Law for Oceans: Designing Legal Solutions, eds. F.M. Platjouw, A. Pozdnakova, Cambridge 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009253741.021.

Dawson M., The Role of Law in Multilevel Governance: Four Conceptualizations, [in:] A Research Agenda for Multilevel Governance, eds. A. Benz, J. Boroschek, M. Lederer, Cheltenham–Northampton 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789908374.00011.

Di Gregorio M., Fatorelli L., Paavola J., Locatelli B., Pramova E., Nurrochmat D.R., May P.H., Brockhaus M., Sari I.M., Kusumadewi S.D., Multi-Level Governance and Power in Climate Change Policy Networks, “Global Environmental Change” 2019, vol. 54, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.10.003.

Moniz A.R., Os direitos da Região Autónoma dos Açores sobre as zonas marítimas portuguesas, [in:] Gestão partilhada dos espaços marítimos. Papel das regiões autónomas, eds. A.R. Moniz, A. Rocha, M.C. Ribeiro, R. Medeiros, Coimbra 2018.

Moreira F.C., Políticas Públicas para o ambiente marinho e seus recursos, “E-Pública – Revista Eletrónica de Direito Público” 2020, vol. 7(2).

Moreira F.C., Bravo B.M., EU Integrated Maritime Policy, “Juridical Tribune” 2021, vol. 9(3).

Moreira F.C., Matos A.P., A governança multinível na proteção do direito fundamental ao ambiente da União Europeia, “Revista Jurídica Portucalense” 2022, no. 32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(32)2022.jm-01.

Ribeiro M.C., The ‘Rainbow’: The First National Marine Protected Area Proposed under the High Seas, “International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law” 2010, vol. 25(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/157180910X12665776638669.

Schakel A., Multi-Level Governance in a ‘Europe with the Regions’, “British Journal of Politics and International Relations” 2020, vol. 22(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120937982.

Tanaka Y., The International Law of the Sea, Cambridge 2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108545907.

Tatenhove J.P.M. van, Marine Governance as a Process of reflexive Institutionalization? Illustrated by Artic Shipping, [in:] Ocean Governance: Knowledge Systems, Policy Foundations and Thematic Analyses, eds. S. Partelow, M. Hadjimichael, A.-K. Hornidge, Cham 2023.

Urbina J.J., Ribeiro M.C., Comentário à Parte XII: Proteção e Preservação do Meio Marinho, [in:] W. Brito, F.C. Moreira, Comentários à Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Direito do Mar, Almedina 2022.

Xu J., Conflicts in Multi-Level Governance: An Analysis of International Climate Policy Implementation at the Sub-national Level, “Global Public Policy and Governance” 2021, no. 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43508-021-00029-4.

Zürn M., A Theory of Global Governance: Authority, Legitimacy, and Contestation, Oxford 2018.

ONLINE SOURCES

European Environment Agency, Marine Regions and Subregions, 8.5.2020, https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/marine-regions-and-subregions (access: 19.9.2023).

Koh T.T.B., A Constitution for the Oceans, 1982, https://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Ses1-6.-Tommy-T.B.-Koh-of-Singapore-President-of-the-Third-United-Nations-Conference-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-_A-Constitution-for-the-Oceans_.pdf (access: 18.9.2023).

OSPAR Commission, Fiches d’identité des AMP, https://mpa.ospar.org/home-ospar/mpa-datasheets (access: 18.9.2023).

DOCUMENTS

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the safety of the seaborne oil trade, Brussels, 21.3.2000, COM/2000/0142 final.

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy, Brussels, 16.1.2018, COM(2018) 28 final.

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The European Green Deal, Brussels, 11.12.2019, COM(2019)640 final.

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions EU: Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature into our lives, Brussels, 20.5.2020, COM/2020/380 final.

Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Implementation of Regulation (EU) No. 1379/2013 on the common organisation of the markets in fishery and aquaculture products, Brussels, 21.2.2023, COM(2023) 101 final.

LEGAL ACTS

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean.

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic.

Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area.

Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment (OJ L 135/40, 30.5.1991).

Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 206/7, 22.7.1992).

Directive 94/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30.05.1994 on the conditions for granting and using authorizations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons (OJ L 164/3, 30.6.1994).

Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (OJ L 327/1, 22.12.2000).

Directive 2001/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2001 amending Council Directive 94/57/EC on common rules and standards for ship inspection and survey organisations and for the relevant activities of maritime administrations (OJ L 19/9, 22.1.2002).

Directive 2001/106/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2001 amending Council Directive 95/21/EC concerning the enforcement, in respect of shipping using Community ports and sailing in the waters under the jurisdiction of the Member States, of international standards for ship safety, pollution prevention and shipboard living and working conditions (OJ L 19/17, 22.1.2002).

Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (OJ L 197/30, 21.7.2001).

Directive 2002/59/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 establishing a Community vessel traffic monitoring and information system and repealing Council Directive 93/75/EEC (OJ L 208/10, 5.8.2002).

Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage (OJ L 143/56, 30.4.2004).

Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (OJ L 164/19, 25.6.2008).

Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (OJ L 312/3, 22.11.2008).

Directive 2009/15/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on common rules and standards for ship inspection and survey organisations and for the relevant activities of maritime administrations (OJ L 131/47, 28.5.2009).

Directive 2009/16/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on port State control (OJ L 131/57, 28.5.2009).

Directive 2009/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2002/59/EC establishing a Community vessel traffic monitoring and information system (OJ L 131/101, 28.5.2009).

Directive 2009/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 establishing the fundamental principles governing the investigation of accidents in the maritime transport sector and amending Council Directive 1999/35/EC and Directive 2002/59/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 131/114, 28.5.2009).

Directive 2009/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the insurance of shipowners for maritime claims (OJ L 131/128, 28.5.2009).

Directive 2009/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on compliance with flag State requirements (OJ L 131/132, 28.5.2009).

Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (OJ L 20/7, 26.1.2010).

Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ L 26/1, 28.1.2012).

Directive 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 on safety of offshore oil and gas operations and amending Directive 2004/35/EC (OJ L 178/66, 28.6.2013).

Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning (OJ L 257/135, 28.8.2014).

Directive (EU) 2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment (OJ L 155/1, 12.6.2019).

Regulation (EC) No. 417/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 February 2002 on the accelerated phasing-in of double hull or equivalent design requirements for single hull oil tankers and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 2978/94 (OJ L 64/1, 7.3.2002).

Regulation (EC) No. 1406/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 establishing a European Maritime Safety Agency (OJ L 208/1, 5.8.2002).

Regulation (EC) No. 1726/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 July 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No. 417/2002 on the accelerated phasing-in of double-hull or equivalent design requirements for single-hull oil tankers (OJ L 249/1, 1.10.2003).

Regulation (EC) No. 391/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on common rules and standards for ship inspection and survey organisations (OJ L 131/11, 28.5.2009).

Regulation (EC) No. 392/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the liability of carriers of passengers by sea in the event of accidents (OJ L 131/24, 28.5.2009).

Regulation (EU) No. 530/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2012 on the accelerated phasing-in of double-hull or equivalent design requirements for single-hull oil tankers (OJ L 172/3, 30.6.2012).

Regulation (EU) No. 100/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1406/2002 establishing a European Maritime Safety Agency (OJ L 39/30, 9.2.2013).

Regulation (EU) No. 1379/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the common organisation of the markets in fishery and aquaculture products, amending Council Regulations (EC) No. 1184/2006 and (EC) No. 1224/2009 and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 104/2000 (OJ L 354/1, 28.12.2013).

Regulation (EU) No. 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, amending Council Regulations (EC) No. 1954/2003 and (EC) No. 1224/2009 and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No. 2371/2002 and (EC) No. 639/2004 and Council Decision 2004/585/EC (OJ L 354/22, 28.12.2013).

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 21 July 2022: Our Ocean, our future, our responsibility, A/RES/76/296.

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 28 July 2022: The human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, A/RES/76/300.

Resolution of the Council of Ministers 68/2021, Diário da República 108, 1.ª série, 4.6.2021.

CASE LAW

Judgment of the ECtHR, L.C.B. v. The United Kingdom (1998).

Judgment of the ECtHR, Oneryildiz v. Turkey (2004).

Judgment of the ECtHR, Murillo Saldias and Others v. Spain (2006).

Judgment of the ECtHR, Budayeva and Others v. Russia (2008).

Judgment of the ECtHR, Ozel and Others v. Turkey (2015).

Judgment of the ECtHR, Smaltini v. Italy (2015).

Judgment of the ECtHR, Viviani and Others v. Italy (2015).

Judgment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the South China Sea Arbitration, The Republic of Philippines v. The People’s Republic of China (2016).




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.3.305-324
Data publikacji: 2023-09-29 15:54:30
Data złożenia artykułu: 2023-08-19 17:53:35


Statystyki


Widoczność abstraktów - 814
Pobrania artykułów (od 2020-06-17) - PDF (English) - 451

Wskaźniki



Odwołania zewnętrzne

  • Brak odwołań zewnętrznych


Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Fátima Castro Moreira

Creative Commons License
Powyższa praca jest udostępniana na lcencji Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.