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Wyślij tekst przez e-mail Pakiet o dowodach elektronicznych. Nierozwiązane problemy oraz wyzwania związane z jego zastosowaniem
Streszczenie w języku polskim
W dniu 12 lipca 2023 r. Unia Europejska przyjęła po pięciu długich latach negocjacji pakiet dotyczący dowodów elektronicznych. Pakiet ten wprowadza nowy model wzajemnego uznawania w celu zapewnienia transgranicznego dostępu do danych na potrzeby postępowania karnego. Ten nowy model ma zapewnić skuteczniejszy sposób pozyskiwania danych od usługodawców działających na terenie Unii Europejskiej, lecz zlokalizowanych poza granicami państwa prowadzącego postępowanie. Będzie to miało miejsce poprzez umożliwienie bezpośredniego żądania danych od usługodawców z pominięciem organów w państwach członkowskich, w których ustawodawca jest zlokalizowany. Usługodawcy będą zobowiązani do wyznaczenia co najmniej jednego zakładu lub przedstawiciela uprawnionego do przyjmowania nakazów wydania dowodów elektronicznych oraz sprawnego reagowania na te nakazy. Chociaż przyjęcie pakietu w sprawie dowodów elektronicznych stanowi niewątpliwie ważny krok na drodze do rozwiązania problemu dostępu do danych na potrzeby postępowania karnego, jego skuteczność i praktyczne zastosowanie zależą od kilku zasadniczych zagadnień, które pakiet pozostawia w gestii państw członkowskich lub w ogóle pomija, a także od osiągnięcia porozumienia ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi w ramach tzw. CLOUD Act. Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie obecnej sytuacji prawnej dotyczącej transgranicznego dostępu do dowodów elektronicznych, przeanalizowanie owych nierozwiązanych zagadnień oraz ocenę ich wpływu na ostateczny kształt systemu dostępu do dowodów elektronicznych w ramach Unii Europejskiej.
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LITERATURE
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Kusak M., Dostęp do danych elektronicznych dotyczących treści w postępowaniu karnym – wyzwania krajowe i międzynarodowe, “Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze” 2024, no. 2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/gsp.2024.2.05.
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Tosza S., All Evidence Is Equal, but Electronic Evidence Is More Equal Than Any Other: The Relationship between the European Investigation Order and the European Production Order, “New Journal of European Criminal Law” 2020, vol. 11(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2032284420919802.
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Tosza S., FranssenV., A Comparative Analysis of National Law and Practices: Unravelling Differences in Views of EU-Wide Solutions, [in:] The Cambridge Handbook of Digital Evidence in Criminal Investigations, eds. V. Franssen, S. Tosza, 2025 [forthcoming].
Wahl T., AG: EncroChat Data Can, in Principle, Be Used in Criminal Proceedings, “Eucrim” 2024, no. 3.
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ONLINE SOURCES
Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the United States of America on Access to Electronic Data for the Purpose of Countering Serious Crime, https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/nat-security/files/cloud-act-agreement-signed.pdf (access: 16.12.2024).
Böse M., An Assessment of the Commission’s Proposals on Electronic Evidence, 2018, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/604989/IPOL_STU(2018)604989_EN.pdf (access: 16.12.2024).
Carrera S., Stefan M., Mitsilegas V., Cross-Border Data Access in Criminal Proceedings and the Future of Digital Justice: Navigating the Current Legal Framework and Exploring Ways Forward Within the EU and Across the Atlantic. Report of a CEPS and QMUL Task Force, Brussels, October 2020, https://cdn.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/TFR-Cross-Border-Data-Access.pdf (access: 16.12.2024).
Clarke R.A., Morell M.J., Stone G.R., Sunstein C.R., Swire P., Liberty and Security in a Changing World: Report and Recommendations of the President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, 12.12.2013, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2013-12-12_rg_final_report.pdf (access: 16.12.2024).
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Council of Europe, Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 224, https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=224 (access: 16.12.2024).
Daniele M., Le sentenze “gemelle” delle Sezioni Unite sui criptofonini, “Sistema penale”, 17 July 2024, https://www.sistemapenale.it/it/scheda/daniele-le-sentenze-gemelle-delle-sezioni-unite-sui-criptofonini#_ftnref41 (access: 16.12.2024).
EDRi, e-Evidence Compromise Blows a Hole in Fundamental Rights Safeguards, 7.2.2023, https://edri.org/our-work/e-evidence-compromise-blows-a-hole-in-fundamental-rights-safeguards (access: 16.12.2024).
European Commission, Non-Paper: Progress Report Following the Conclusions of the Council of the European Union on Improving Criminal Justice in Cyberspace, Brussels, 7.12.2016, https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15072-2016-REV-1/en/pdf (access: 16.12.2024).
European Commission, EU-U.S. Announcement on the Resumption of Negotiations on an EU-U.S. Agreement to Facilitate Access to Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations, 2.3.2023, https://commission.europa.eu/news/eu-us-announcement-resumption-negotiations-eu-us-agreement-facilitate-access-electronic-evidence-2023-03-02_en (access: 16.12.2024).
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European Law Institute, ELI Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Mutual Admissibility of Evidence and Electronic Evidence in Criminal Proceedings: Draft Legislative Proposal of the European Law Institute, 2023, https://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/p_eli/Publications/ELI_Proposal_for_a_Directive_on_Mutual_Admissibility_of_Evidence_and_Electronic_Evidence_in_Criminal_Proceedings_in_the_EU.pdf (access: 16.12.2024).
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LEGAL ACTS
Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act – CLOUD Act, S. 2383, 115th Cong. § 2(1)–(2) (2018) (codified at 18 U.S.C. §§ 2713, 2523 (2018).
Directive 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 regarding the European Investigation Order in criminal matters (OJ EU L 130/1, 1.5.2014).
Directive (EU) 2023/1544 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 laying down harmonised rules on the designation of designated establishments and the appointment of legal representatives for the purpose of gathering electronic evidence in criminal proceedings (OJ EU L 191/181, 28.7.2023).
French Criminal Code.
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on the appointment of legal representatives for the purpose of gathering evidence in criminal proceedings, Strasbourg,17.4.2018, COM/2018/226 final.
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on European Production and Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal matters, Strasbourg, 17.4.2018, COM/2018/225 final.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (OJ EU L 119/1, 4.5.2016).
Regulation (EU) 2018/1805 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 on the mutual recognition of freezing orders and confiscation orders (OJ EU L 303/1, 28.11.2018).
Regulation (EU) 2022/850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on a computerised system for the cross-border electronic exchange of data in the area of judicial cooperation in civil and criminal matters (e-Codex system), and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1726 (OJ EU L 150/1, 1.6.2022).
Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market for Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (OJ EU L 277/1, 27.10.2022).
Regulation (EU) 2023/1543 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 on European Production Orders and European Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal proceedings and for the execution of custodial sentences following criminal proceedings (OJ EU L 191/118, 28.7.2023).
Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on enhanced co-operation and disclosure of electronic evidence, CETS no. 224.
CASE LAW
Cour de Cassation, Assemblée plénière, 7 novembre 2022, no. 21-83146, no. 21-83146.
Decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals – Second Circuit of 14 July 2016, Microsoft Corp. v. United States (so-called Microsoft Ireland Case), 829 F.3d 197.
Judgment of the Court of 21 September 1989 in case C-68/88, Commission of the European Communities v Hellenic Republic, ECLI:EU:C:1989:339.
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 8 April 2014 in joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12, Digital Rights Ireland and others, ECLI:EU:C:2014:238.
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 30 April 2024 in case C-670/22, Criminal proceedings against M.N. (EncroChat), ECLI:EU:C:2024:372.
Judgment of the Permanent Court of International Justice on 7 September 1927, SS Lotus (Fr. v. Turk.), Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice, Series A.-No. 70.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2024.33.5.237-260
Data publikacji: 2024-12-31 10:51:59
Data złożenia artykułu: 2024-09-24 23:05:14
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Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Stanisław Tosza
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