Los esfuerzos para combatir el crimen organizado en Brasil

Edyta Chwiej

Resumen


En las últimas décadas el crimen organizado se ha convertido en un importante problema para la seguridad internacional. La delincuencia organizada representa una gran amenaza para la seguridad pública, a las instituciones democráticas y para la estabilidad económica. La lucha contra este fenómeno requiere la cooperación policial y judicial en materia de prevención, detección, investigación y sanción de los delitos cometidos por organizaciones criminales.

El artículo presenta y analiza algunos aspectos relevantes del crimen organizado en Brasil. Además, describe los factores que han influido en el desarrollo de la delincuencia organizada en este país. El artículo examina también las iniciativas tomadas por las autoridades brasileñas para combatir el crimen organizado.


Palabras clave


crimen organizado, Brasil, lucha contra crimen organizado, violencia

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referencias


Adorno L. (2018), Costa F., PCC em expansão, “UOL Notícias”, 7.07.2018, https://www.uol/noticias/especiais/pcc-o-partido-do-crime.htm#pcc-em-expansao, access: 7.10.2018.

Agência IBGE (2017), One fourth of the population lives on less than R$387 a month, 15.12.2017, https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-news/2184-news-agency/news/18835-one-fourth-of-the-population-lives-on-less-than-r-387-a-month, access: 2.10.2018.

Albanese J., Reichel P. (2014), Transnational Organized Crime: An Overview from Six Continents, Sage, Thousand Oaks.

Alves R. (2018), Cerimônia marca fim da intervenção federal no RJ: ‘Cumprimos a missão’, diz general, “G1” 27.12.2018, https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/12/27/cerimonia-encerra-intervencao-federal-na-seguranca-do-rj.ghtml access: 27.01.2019.

Barbara V. (2014), Pity Brazil’s Military Police, “The New York Times”, 19.02.2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/opinion/barbara-reform-brazils-military-police.html, access: 10.01.2019.

Barrionuevo A. (2008), Militias Replace Gangs as Rio’s Crime Lords, “The New York Times” 13.06.2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/13/world/americas/13iht-brazil.4.13670865.html, access: 9.01.2019.

Borges de Mendonça A. (2014), The Criminal Justice System in Brazil, in: Resource Material Series no 92, T. Akane (red.), United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No92/No92_00All.pdf, access: 27.01.2019.

Casas-Zamora K. (2013), Dangerous Liaisons: Organized Crime and Political Finance in Latin America and Beyond, Bookings Institution Press, Washington.

Cano I. (2006), Public Security Policies in Brazil: Attempts to Modernize and Democratize versus the War on Crime, “Sur – Revista Internacional de Direitos Humanos”, vol. 3, no 5, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-64452006000200007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en, access: 8.01.2019.

Cano I. (2013), Violence and Organized Crime in Brazil: The Case of “Militias” in Rio de Janeiro, in: Transnational Organized Crime. Analyses of a Global Challenge to Democracy, H. Böll-Stiftung, R. Schönenberg (red.), Bielefeld.

Carvalho L., Berg L. van den, Galal H., Teunisse P. (2017), Delivering Sustainable Competitiveness: Revisiting the organising capacity of cities, Routledge, Abingdon.

CIA The World Factbook, Country Comparison: Distribution of Family Income – GINI INDEX, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html, access: 3.10.2018.

CNN Español (2018), Triste récord para Brasil: la tasa de homicidios alcanzó el nivel más alto de su historia, 5.06.2018, https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2018/06/05/brasil-homicidios-record-tasa-jovenes-asesinatos-violencia/ access: 5.10.2018.

Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, Presidência da República, http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm, Access: 7.01.2019.

Costa F. C. (2007), The Brazilian Legal Framework for Investigation, Prosecution and Trial of Transnational Organized Crime, in: Resource Material Series No. 73, K. Aizawa (red.), United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No73/No73_00All.pdf, access: 2.01.2019.

Crositti J. (2012), Brazil Today. An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara.

Darlington S. (2018), A Year of Violence Sees Brazil’s Murder Rate Hit Record High, „ The New York Times” 10.08.2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html, access: 3.10.2018.

Decreto No 9288 de 16 de fevereiro de 2018, Presidência da República, http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/decreto/D9288.htm, access: 22.01.2019.

Dias Carneiro J. (2017), Cinco motivos que levaram o Rio à pior crise de segurança em mais de uma década, “BBC Brasil”, 5.05.2017, https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-39816208, access: 24.01.2019.

Diretriz Ministerial No 15/2010, Ministério da Defesa, https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/3587-04122010-defesa-diretriz-ministerial-no-152010, access: 22.01.2019.

Ellis R. E. (2018), Transnational Organized Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean. From Evolving Threats and Responses to Integrated, Adaptive Solutions, Lexington Books, Lanham.

Flynn D., Palermo M. P. (2017), Brazil aims to build 30 prisons this year to tackle crisis: Temer, “Reuters”, 16.01.2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-temer-prisons/brazil-aims-to-build-30-prisons-this-year-to-tackle-crisis-temer-idUSKBN1502HD, access: 10.10.2018.

“Folha de S. Paulo” (1994) Operação Rio, 22.11.1994, https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1994/11/22/opiniao/1.html, Access: 18.01.2019.

Godoy M. (2017), Ação controlada foi criada para combater crime organizado, “O Estado de S. Paulo”, 19.05.2017, https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,analise-acao-controlada-foi-criada-para-combater-crime-organizado,70001794575, access: 2.01.2019.

HRW (2013) World Report: Brazil, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/brazil, access: 10.10.2018.

HRW (2017), Brazil. Events 2017, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/brazil, access: 9.01.2019.

ICPR (2018), The World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research, http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All, access: 8.10.2018.

ICPR Brazil (2018), Brazil. World Prison Brief Data, http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/brazil, access: 8.10.2018.

InSight Crime (2018), Red Command, https://www.insightcrime.org/brazil-organized-crime-news/red-command-profile/, access: 6.10.2018.

Jordan L. (2012), Brazil Now 2nd in Cocaine, Crack Use: Daily, “The Rio Times”, 6.09.2012, http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/brazil-2nd-only-to-us-in-cocaine-crack-use/, access: 22.07.2018.

Kassab H. S., Rosen J. D. (2018), Violence in the Americas, Lexington Books, Lanham.

Kontos L., Brotherton D. (2008), Encyclopedia of Gangs, Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn.

Leeds E. (2016), The Brazilian Prison System: Challenges and Prospects for Reform, InSight Crime, 30.12.2016, https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/the-brazilian-prison-system-challenges-and-prospects-for-reform/, access: 10.10.2018.

Lei Complementar No 97 de 9 de julho de 1999, Presidência da República, http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/LCP/Lcp97.htm, Access: 16.01.2019.

Lei No 9034 de 3 de maio de 1995, Presidência da República, http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/L9034.htm, access: 2.01.2019.

Lei No 10217 de 11 de abril de 2001, Presidência da República, http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/LEIS_2001/L10217.htm, Access: 3.01.2019.

Lei No 12850 de 2 de agosto de 2013, Presidência da República, http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2013/lei/l12850.htm, access: 21.07.2018.

Long W. R. (1988), “Animal” Lottery: A “Mafia” Thrives on Brazil Game, “Los Angeles Times”, 12.07.1998, http://articles.latimes.com/1988-07-12/news/mn-5691_1_lucky-numbers, access: 25.07.2018.

Mazui G., Barbiéri L. F. (2019), Bolsonaro assina decreto que facilita posse de armas, “G1”, 15.01.2019, https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/01/15/bolsonaro-assina-decreto-que-facilita-posse-de-armas.ghtml, access: 5.02.2019.

Margolis M. (2017), Brazil’s Narrative of Equality Is Oversold, 29.09.2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-09-29/brazil-s-narrative-of-equality-is-oversold, access: 2.10.2018.

Mattoso C., Della Coletta R. (2019), Justice Minister Says New Self-Defense Bill “Is Not A License To Kill”, „Folha de S. Paulo”, 5.02.2019, https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2019/02/justice-minister-says-new-self-defense-bill-is-not-a-license-to-kill.shtml?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=newsen, access: 6.02.2019.

Melo L., Miotto R. (2019), Repercussão do projeto anticrime de Sérgio Moro: o que disseram entidades e políticos, “G1”, 4.02.2019, https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/02/04/projeto-anticrime-de-sergio-moro-veja-repercussao.ghtml, access: 6.02.2019.

Muggah R. (2018), Military intervention won’t solve the violence in Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Igarapé, 2.03.2018, https://igarape.org.br/military-intervention-wont-solve-the-violence-in-rio-de-janeiro/, access: 5.02.2019.

Muggah R. (2016), The State of Security and Justice in Brazil, “Working Paper Series” No 4, Elliot School of International Affairs, The George Washington University, https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/The-State-of-Security-and-Justice-in-Brazil-Reviewing-the-Evidence.pdf, access: 7.01.2019.

Oliveira Fernandes E. (2012), As Ações Terroristas do Crime Organizado, Livrus, São Paulo.

Pearson S. (2016), Brazil hopes gambling will reverse its fortunes, “Financial Times”, 5.09.2016, https://www.ft.com/content/646bac98-6d72-11e6-a0c9-1365ce54b926, access: 26.07.2018.

Penglase B. (2014), Living with Insecurity in a Brazilian Favela. Urban Violence and Daily Life, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.

Phillips D. (2018), “Lesser Evil”: How Brazil’s Militias Wield Terror to Seize Power from Gangs, “The Guardian”, 12.07.2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/12/brazil-militia-paramilitary-wield-terror-seize-power-from-drug-gangs, access: 9.01.2018.

Pion-Berlin D., Carreras M. (2017), Armed Forces, Police and Crime-fighting in Latin America, “Journal of Politics in Latin America”, 9 (3), pp. 3–26.

Prada P. (2006), 5 Days of Violence by Gangs in São Paulo Leaves 115 Dead Before Subsiding, “The New York Times”, 17.05.2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/world/americas/17brazil.html, access: 8.10.2018.

“UOL Notícias” (2019), Projeto de Moro ignora temas importantes, diz Fórum de Segurança Pública, “UOL Notícias”, 4.02.2019, https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/02/04/projeto-moro-ignora-temas-importantes-forum-brasileiro-de-seguranca-publica.htm, access: 6.02.2019.

Resende P. (2018), Policiais reclamam que têm o salário mais baixo do país e dormem em delegacias de Goiás por não ter dinheiro para aluguel, “G1”, 22.01.2018, https://g1.globo.com/go/goias/noticia/policiais-reclamam-que-tem-o-salario-mais-baixo-do-pais-e-dormem-em-delegacias-de-goias-por-nao-ter-dinheiro-para-aluguel.ghtml, access: 10.01.2019.

Riccio V., Skogan W. G. (2018), Police and Society in Brazil, Routledge, New York.

Roth M. P. (2017), Global Organized Crime. A 21st Century Approach, Routledge, New York.

Samset I. (2014), For the Guarantee of Law and Order: The Armed Forces and Public Security in Brazil, CMI Working Paper, WP 2014:11, https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/5241-for-the-guarantee-of-law-and-order.pdf, access: 16.01.2019.

Secretaria-Geral da Presidência, (2018), Custos Econômicos da Criminalidade no Brasil, http://www.secretariageral.gov.br/estrutura/secretaria_de_assuntos_estrategicos/publicacoes-e-analise/relatorio-de-conjuntura/custos_economicos_criminalidade_brasil.pdf, access: 11.11.2018.

Stargardter G., Berlowitz P. (2018), Brazil Suffers Record Murder Tally in 2017, Ahead of Election, „Reuters”, 10.08.2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-violence-murder/brazil-suffers-record-murder-tally-in-2017-ahead-of-election-idUSKBN1KU2R5, access: 3.10.2018.

Thaty M., Doederlein M. (2017), Policiais militares paulistas reclamam de falta de estrutura e salários baixos, Câmara dos Deputados, 5.07.2017, http://www2.camara.leg.br/camaranoticias/noticias/SEGURANCA/537426-POLICIAIS-MILITARES-PAULISTAS-RECLAMAM-DE-FALTA-DE-ESTRUTURA-E-SALARIOS-BAIXOS.html, access: 10.01.2019.

The Brazilian Report (2018), Who Are the People Working for Drug Cartels in Rio?, 3.08.2018, https://brazilian.report/society/2018/08/03/drug-cartels-rio-de-janeiro/, access: 5.10.2018.

The Economist (2012), Betting Zoo – Illegal Gambling in Brazil, 5.05.2012, https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2012/05/05/betting-zoo, access: 27.07.2018.

The New York Times (2019), Brazil Minister Proposes Tougher Laws to Stem Deadly Crime Wave, 4.02.2019, https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/02/04/world/americas/04reuters-brazil-politics-crime.html, access: 5.02.2019.

UNDP (2018), Human Development Indices and Indicators 2018: Brazil, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/BRA.pdf, access: 4.10.2018.

UNODC (2011), Estimating Illicit Financial Flows Resulting from Drug Trafficking and Other Transnational Organized Crimes, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Illicit_financial_flows_2011_web.pdf p. 7, access: 21.07.2018.

UNODC (2004), United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and The Protocols Thereto, https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf, access: 17.07.2018.

Velasco C., Caesar G., Reis T. (2018), Cresce número de pessoas mortas pela polícia no Brasil; assassinatos de policiais caem, “G1” 10.05.2018, https://g1.globo.com/monitor-da-violencia/noticia/cresce-numero-de-pessoas-mortas-pela-policia-no-brasil-assassinatos-de-policiais-caem.ghtml, access: 9.01.2019.

Waiselfisz J. J. (2016), Mapa da Violência, FLASCO Brasil, https://www.mapadaviolencia.org.br/pdf2016/Mapa2016_armas_web.pdf, access: 1.01.2019.

Woody Ch. (2018), Latin America’s Biggest Port Just Made Its Largest Cocaine Seizure Ever – the Latest Bust in a Thriving Drug-trafficking Corridor, “Business Insider”, access: 23.03.2018.

World Bank (2015), Brazil Literacy Rate, Adult Total (% of People Ages 15 and above), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=BR, access: 4.10.2018.

World Bank (2018), GDP per Capita, PPP, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD, access: 2.10.2018.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/al.2019.7.279-296
Date of publication: 2019-12-27 22:11:34
Date of submission: 2019-12-27 21:13:18


Estadísticas


Visibilidad de resúmenes - 1853
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (English) - 874

Indicadores



Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


Copyright (c) 2019 Edyta Chwiej

Licencia de Creative Commons
Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional.