La reacción de la Unión Europea a la crisis migratoria venezolana

Maria Ochab

Resumen


El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar las acciones emprendidas por la Unión Europea (UE) como una reacción a la crisis política y económica que ha causado un éxodo masivo de ciudadanos venezolanos en los últimos años (desde 2015) y, en particular, tras las últimas elecciones presidenciales. La situación crítica actual en Venezuela se describirá, primero, presentando los antecedentes políticos y luego describiendo el panorama general de la economía venezolana y las dificultades que llevaron a este movimiento migratorio sin precedentes. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que la intervención de la UE está en consonancia con sus aspiraciones de ser un actor global, la segunda parte del artículo analiza las medidas tanto políticas como financieras emprendidas por diversas instituciones europeas para ayudar a mitigar esta crisis humanitaria.


Palabras clave


crisis migratoria; crisis política; régimen de Maduro; Unión Europea; Venezuela

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referencias


Aguilar Ybarra, R. (February 4, 2019). ¡Únanse a nuestro llamado democrático!, pide Guaidó. Impulso. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://impulsoedomex.com.mx/unanse-a-nuestro-llamado-democratico-pide-guaido/

BBC News (February 5, 2019). Maduro and Guaidó: Who is supporting whom in Venezuela? Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47053701

Borrell, J. (2020). The rentrée of 2020: decision time for EU foreign policy. European Union External Action. Retrieved August 27, 2010, from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/84439/node/84439_en

BP Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2014). Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://web.archive.org/web/20150609095748/https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf

Corugedo, E. F. y Guajardo, J. (November 21, 2019). For Venezuela’s Neighbors, Mass Migration Brings Economic Costs and Benefits. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://blogs.imf.org/2019/11/21/for-venezuelas-neighbors-mass-migration-brings-economic-costs-and-benefits/

Council of the European Union (July 18, 2016). Council conclusions on Venezuela. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/07/18/fac-venuela-conclusions/

Council of the European Union (May 15, 2017). Council conclusions on Venezuela. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/05/15/fac-venezuela-conclusions/

Council of the European Union (July 26, 2017). Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the situation in Venezuela. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/07/26/hrvp-declaration-situation-venezuela/

Council of the European Union (November 13, 2017). Venezuela: EU adopts conclusions and targeted sanctions. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/11/13/venezuela-eu-adopts-conclusions-and-targeted-sanctions/

Council of the European Union (November 14, 2017). Council Decision (CFSP) 2017/2074 of 13 November 2017 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Venezuela. Official Journal of the European Union L 295/60. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2017.295.01.0060.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2017:295:TOC

Council of the European Union (May 22, 2018). Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the presidential and regional elections in Venezuela. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/05/22/declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-eu-on-the-presidential-and-regional-elections-in-venezuela/

Council of the European Union (May 28, 2018). Venezuela: Council adopts conclusions. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/05/28/venezuela-council-adopts-conclusions/

Council of the European Union (June 25, 2018). Council decision (CFSP) 2018/901 of 25 June 2018 amending Decision (CFSP) 2017/2074 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Venezuela. Official Journal of the European Union L 160 I/12. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018D0901&from=EN

Council of the European Union (January 31, 2019). International Contact Group on Venezuela – Terms of Reference. RELEX.1.A, 5958/19. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/38043/st05958-en19-icg-terms-of-reference.pdf

Council of the European Union (April 14, 2020). Tackling COVID-19: Council adopts amended EU budget for 2020. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/04/14/tackling-covid-19-council-adopts-amended-eu-budget-for-2020/

Council of the European Union (October 25, 2018). Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the situation in Venezuela. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/10/25/declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-eu-on-the-situation-in-venezuela/

Council of the European Union (November 6, 2018). Venezuela: EU renews sanctions for one year. Press release. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/11/06/venezuela-eu-renews-sanctions-for-one-year/

ENCOVI (2020). Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida 2019-2020. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.proyectoencovi.com/informe-interactivo-2019

EU Aid Explorer (n.d.). Recipients. European Commission. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://euaidexplorer.ec.europa.eu/content/explore/recipients_en

European Asylum Support Office (EASO). (2020). EASO Asylum Report 2020: Annual Report of the Situation of Asylum in the European Union. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://easo.europa.eu/asylum-report-2020

European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO). (n.d.). Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/where/latin-america-caribbean/venezuela_en

European Commission (2015). European Agenda on Migration. Brussels. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1485255362454&uri=CELEX:52015DC0240

European Council (May 23, 2018). G7 Leaders’ Statement on Venezuela. Press release. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/05/23/g7-leaders-statement-on-venezuela/

European Council (October 15, 2018). Foreign Affairs Council, 15 October 2018. Main results. Press release. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/fac/2018/10/15/

European Council (2020). Declaration by the High Representative, on behalf of the European Union, on the latest developments in Venezuela. Press release. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/06/30/venezuela-declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-european-union-on-the-latest-developments-in-venezuela/

European External Action Service (EEAS) (2020). Joint communiqué after the phone call between High Representative Borrell and Minister Arreaza. Brussels. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/venezuela/81964/venezuela-joint-communiqu%C3%A9-after-phone-call-between-high-representative-borrell-and-minister_en

European External Action Service (EEAS). (May 26, 2020a). Factsheet on EU support to Venezuelan refugees, migrants and host communities. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/69487/node/69487_en

European External Action Service (EEAS). (May 26, 2020b). International Donors Conference in solidarity with Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants – #Together4Venezuelans. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/79328/donors-conference-solidarity-venezuelan-refugees-and-migrants-countries-region-amid-covid-19_en

Expansión (s.f). Los venezolanos emigran más. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/emigracion/venezuela

Gallup (2017). Potential Net Migration Index Falls in Middle East, Latin America. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://news.gallup.com/poll/212141/potential-net-migration-falls-middle-east-latin-america.aspx

Hermoso, C. (March 13, 2018). La estrategia del exilio. Efecto Cocuyo. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://web.archive.org/web/20180329211945/http:/efectococuyo.com/opinion/la-estrategia-del-exilio

IMF (2019). Venezuela. Country Data. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VEN#countrydata

Krzywicka, K. (2019). La Organización de Estados Americanos frente a la crisis del Estado en Venezuela. Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review, no. 23, pp. 383-398. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://www.revistadelcesla.com/index.php/revistadelcesla/article/view/532/463

Latinobarómetro (2018). Informe 2018. Santiago de Chile: Corporación Latinobarómetro. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp

McCarthy, J. (March 6, 2018). Four in 10 Venezuelans Would Leave Venezuela Behind. Gallup News. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://news.gallup.com/poll/228338/four-venezuelans-leave-venezuela-behind.aspx

MMC (2019). Waning welcome: the growing challenges facing mixed migration flows from Venezuela. A field assessment study in Colombia and Peru. Mixed Migration Center. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from: http://www.mixedmigration.org

Oberda-Monkiewicz, A. (2017). Evolution of EU-Mexico: time for real partnership?. Anuario Latinoamericano – Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales, vol. 4, pp. 187-202. Retrieved June 19, 2020, from: https://journals.umcs.pl/al/article/view/5432 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/al.2017.4.187

Organización Médicos por Salud y GIDETI (2019). Encuesta Nacional de Hospitales. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from: https://2479be6a-2e67-48df-9858-103ea763ef46.filesusr.com/ugd/0f3ae5_6bf4b730d6ab43589a30c303dd01880b.pdf

Pring, C. & Vrushi, J. (2019). Citizens’ Views and Experiences of Corruption. Global Corruption Barometer. Latin America & The Caribbean 2019. Transparency International. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2019_GCB_LatinAmerica_Caribbean_Full_Report_200409_091428.pdf

Rapier, R. (July 1, 2016). Venezuela’s Oil Reserves Are Probably Vastly Overstated. Forbes. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/rrapier/2016/07/01/venezuelas-oil-reserves-are-probably-vastly-overstated/#43025130612c

Red Cross EU Office (n. d.). Activities. Assisting Venezuelans on the move. Retrieved June 19, 2020, from https://redcross.eu/projects/assisting-venezuelans-on-the-move

Transparency International (2019). Corruption Perceptions Index. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2019-global-highlights

Treaty of Lisbon (December 17, 2007). Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community. Official Journal of the European Union, (2007/C 306/01). Retrieved June 25, 2020, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12007L%2FTXT

UNHCR (1984). Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, Colloquium on the International Protection of Refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama, 22 November 1984. Retrieved June 19, 2020, from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36ec.html

UNHCR (2019). Solidarity conference calls for action as Venezuelans depart in droves. Joint Press Release by the European Union, UNHCR and IOM. 23 October 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2020, from https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/10/5db00d364/solidarity-conference-calls-action-venezuelans-depart-droves.html

UNICEF (2020). EU humanitarian aid contributes €3.2 million to support UNICEF’s humanitarian response for children affected by the Venezuelan migration crisis. Press release. Retrieved August 3, 2020, from https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/eu-humanitarian-aid-support-unicef-humanitarian-response

United Nations (2016). New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. Draft resolution referred to the high-level plenary meeting on addressing large movements of refugees and migrants by the General Assembly at its seventieth session. New York. Retrieved June 19, 2020, from https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/71/L.1

Von der Leyen, U. (2019). A Union that strives for more. My agenda for Europe. Brussels. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/political-guidelines-next-commission_en_0.pdf

World Bank (2019). Venezuelan Migration: The 4,500-Kilometer Gap Between Desperation and Opportunity. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/11/26/migracion-venezolana-4500-kilometros-entre-el-abandono-y-la-oportunidad




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/al.2020.9.113-134
Date of publication: 2020-12-02 10:53:40
Date of submission: 2020-12-01 23:30:52


Estadísticas


Visibilidad de resúmenes - 2080
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (English) - 691

Indicadores



Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


Copyright (c) 2020 Maria Ochab

Licencia de Creative Commons
Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional.