The Transparency of Constitutional Reasoning: A Text Mining Analysis of the Hungarian Constitutional Court’s Jurisprudence

Miklós Sebők, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Rebeka Kiss, István Járay

Abstract


The analysis of constitutional interpretation has received much attention in recent years. This article is a contribution to research using text mining methods to account for markers of constitutional reasoning in big data-sized text corpora. We examine how often the Hungarian Constitutional Court (the HCC) reflected on the various methods of interpretation. For this purpose, we have created a complex corpus covering all HCC decisions and orders between 1990 and 2021. We found evidence that the methodological practice of the HCC is not self-reflexive in general as only 44% of its decisions make a reference to at least one method of interpretation. We also show that the self-reflexive nature is even more prevalent (in fact, ubiquitous) in 100 doctrinally important decisions from the 30 years of jurisprudence in question. While this study is a first step towards the quantitative analysis of the reasoning of the constitutional judiciary, further mixed methods research is needed to account for intertemporal changes in such data and to refine the measurement of constitutional interpretation.


Keywords


Hungarian Constitutional Court; constitutional reasoning; methods of interpretation; text mining

Full Text:

PDF

References


LITERATURE

Aaken A. van, List C., Deliberation and Decision: Economics, Constitutional Theory and Deliberative Democracy, Ashgate 2004.

Aarnio A., The Rational and the Reasonable: A Treatise on Legal Justification, Dordrecht 1987, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4700-9.

Babcock B.A. (ed.), Signs about Signs: The Semiotics of Self-Reference, “Semiotica” 1980, vol. 30(1–2).

Barak A., Purposive Interpretation in Law, New Jersey 2005, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400841264.

Bellamy R., Democracy as Public Law: The Case of Rights, “German Law Journal” 2019, vol. 14(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200002145.

Blutman L., Hat tévhit a jogértelmezésben, “Jogesetek Magyarázata” 2015, no. 3.

Blutman L., Szövegempirizmus és analitikus jogdogmatika: Jogi elemzés sub specie linguae, “Pro Futuro” 2014, vol. 4(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.26521/Profuturo/2014/2/5476.

Blutman L., The Fundamental Rights Test in the Grip of Language, “Jogtudományi Közlöny” 2012, no. 4.

Blutman L., Csatlós E., Schiffner I., A nemzetközi jog hatása a magyar joggyakorlatra, Budapest 2014.

Bodnár E., The Use of Comparative Law in the Practice of the Hungarian Constitutional Court: An Empirical Analysis (1990–2019), “Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies” 2021, vol. 61(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2020.00306.

Brodocz A., Constitutional Courts and Their Power of Interpretation, [in:] Law, Politics, and the Constitution: New Perspectives from Legal and Political Theory, eds. A. Geisler, M. Hein, S. Hummel, Frankfurt am Main 2014.

Dawson J.P., The Oracles of the Law, Ann Arbor 1968.

Drinóczi T., Gondolatok az Alkotmánybíróság 61/2011. (VII.12.) AB határozatával kapcsolatban, “Jura” 2012, vol. 1.

Drinóczi T., Bień-Kacała A., Illiberal Constitutionalism: The Case of Hungary and Poland, “German Law Journal” 2019, vol. 20(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.83.

Dyevre A., Text-Mining for Lawyers: How Machine Learning Techniques Can Advance Our Understanding of Legal Discourse, “Erasmus Law Review” 2021, vol. 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5553/ELR.000191.

Dyevre A., Jakab A., Foreword: Understanding Constitutional Reasoning, “German Law Journal” 2013, vol. 14(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200002133.

Fallon R.H., The Core of an Uneasy Case for Judicial Review, “Harvard Law Review” 2007, vol. 121(7).

Forsthoff E., Die Umbildung des Verfassungsgesetzes, [in:] Festschrift für Carl Schmitt zum 70. Geburtstag, eds. H. Barion, E. Forsthoff, W. Weber, Berlin 1959.

Fröhlich J., Az Alkotmánybíróság és a Kúria alkotmányértelmezése: Az Alaptörvény R) és 28. cikkei, [in:] Az Alaptörvény érvényesülése a bírói gyakorlatban III. Alkotmányjogi panasz: az alapjog-érvényesítés gyakorlata, ed. É. Balogh, Budapest 2019.

Fuller L.L., Winston K.I., The Forms and Limits of Adjudication, “Harvard Law Review” 1978, vol. 92(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1340368.

Gárdos-Orosz F., Constitutional Interpretation under the New Fundamental Law of Hungary, [in:] Populist Challenges to Constitutional Interpretation in Europe and Beyond, eds. F. Gárdos-Orosz, Z. Szente, London 2021.

Gárdos-Orosz F., Szente Z., The Art of Constitutional Interpretation, [in:] Populist Challenges to Constitutional Interpretation in Europe and Beyond, eds. F. Gárdos-Orosz, Z. Szente, London 2021.

Gárdos-Orosz F., Szente Z. (eds.), Populist Challenges to Constitutional Interpretation in Europe and Beyond, eds. F. Gárdos-Orosz, Z. Szente, London 2021.

Gárdos-Orosz F., Zakariás K. (eds.), Az Alkotmánybírósági Gyakorlat I–II. Az Alkotmánybíróság 100 elvi jelentőségű határozata 1990–2020, Budapest 2021.

Gárdos-Orosz F., Zakariás K. (eds.), Hungarian Constitutional Court: 30 case studies from the 30 years of the Constitutional Court (1990–2020), Baden-Baden 2022.

Gera A., Szentgáli-Tóth B., The Parliamentary Margin of Movement for Strengthening the Role of Historical Dimensions in Interpretation and Law-Making: The Case of Hungary, “Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies” 2023, vol. 63(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2023.00408.

Goldsworthy J., Constitutional Interpretation, [in:] The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, eds. M. Rosenfeld, A. Sajó, Oxford 2012, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199578610.013.0034.

Goldsworthy J. (ed.), Interpreting Constitutions: A Comparative Study, London–New York 2007.

Gorla G., Lo stile delle sentenze, ricerca storico-comparativa e testi commentate, Roma 1968.

Griffin S.M., American Constitutionalism: From Theory to Politics, New Jersey 1996, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400822126.

Groppi T., Ponthoreau M. (eds.), The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford 2013.

Guastini R., L’interpretazione dei documenti normative, Roma 2004.

Habermas J., Faktizität und Geltung. Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats, Berlin 1992.

Halmai G., The Hungarian Approach to Constitutional Review: The End of Activism? The First Decade of the Hungarian Constitutional Court, [in:] Constitutional Justice, East and West: Democratic Legitimacy and Constitutional Courts in Post-Communist Europe, in a Comparative Perspective, ed. W. Sadurski, The Hague 2002.

Huls N., Adams M., Bomhoff J. (eds.), The Legitimacy of Highest Courts’ Rulings: Judicial Deliberations and Beyond, The Hague 2009.

Itzcovich G., On the Legal Enforcement of Values: The Importance of the Institutional Context, [in:] The Enforcement of EU Law and Values: Ensuring Member States Compliance, eds. A. Jakab, D. Kochenov, Oxford 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0003.

Jackson V.C., Multi-Valenced Constitutional Interpretation and Constitutional Comparisons: An Essay in Honor of Mark Tushnet, “Quinnipiac Law Review” 2008, vol. 26(599).

Jakab A., Az alkotmányértelmezés módszerei, “Századvég” 2018, vol. 1.

Jakab A., Az európai alkotmányjog nyelve, Budapest 2016.

Jakab A., European Constitutional Language, Cambridge 2016.

Jakab A., Judicial Reasoning in Constitutional Courts: A European Perspective, “German Law Journal” 2013, vol. 14(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S207183220000225X.

Jakab A., Dyevre A., Itzcovich G., Conreason – the Comparative Constitutional Reasoning Project: Methodological Dilemmas and Project Design, “MTA Law Working Papers” 2015, no. 9.

Jakab A., Dyevre A., Itzcovich G. (eds.), Comparative Constitutional Reasoning, Cambridge 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316084281.

Jakab A., Fröhlich J., The Constitutional Court of Hungary, [in:] Comparative Constitutional Reasoning, eds. A. Jakab, A. Dyevre, G. Itzcovich, Cambridge 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316084281.

Jakab A., Kazai V.Z., A Sólyom-bíróság hatása a magyar alkotmányjogi gondolkodásra, [in:] Kontextus által világosan: a Sólyom-bíróság antiformalista elemzése, eds. T. Győrfi, V.Z. Kazai, E. Orbán, Budapest 2022.

Jestaedt M., Lepsius O., Möllers C., Schönberger C., The German Federal Constitutional Court: The Court without Limits, Oxford 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793540.001.0001.

Kischel U., Die Begründung, Tübingen 2003.

Kovács K., Tóth G.A., Hungary’s Constitutional Transformation, “European Constitutional Law Review” 2011, vol. 7(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1574019611200038.

Lasser M. de S.-O.-l’E., Judicial Deliberations: A Comparative Analysis of Judicial Transparency and Legitimacy, Oxford 2004.

Pokol B., Constitutionalization and Political Fighting through Litigation, “Jogelméleti Szemle” 2002, vol. 1.

Pozsár Szentmiklósy Z., Precedents and Case-Based Reasoning in the Case Law of the Hungarian Constitutional Court, [in:] Constitutional Law and Precedent International Perspectives on Case-Based Reasoning, ed. M. Florczak-Wątor, London 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003264262-8.

Pócza K. (ed.), Constitutional Politics and the Judiciary: Decision-making in Central and Eastern Europe, London 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429467097.

Pócza K., Dobos G., Gyulai A., How to Measure the Strength of Judicial Decisions: A Methodological Framework, “German Law Journal” 2017, vol. 18(6), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200022422.

Samaha A.M., Low Stakes and Constitutional Interpretation, “University of Chicago. Public Law Working Paper” 2010, no. 318, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1669381.

Savigny F.C. von, Systems des heutigen Römischen Rechts I, Berlin 1840, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111692302.

Scharpf F.W., Grenzen der richterlichen Verantwortung. Die political-question-Doktrin in der Rechtsprechung des amerikanischen Supreme Court, Karlsruhe 1965.

Sebők M., Kiss R., Járay I., Introducing HUNCOURT: A New Open Legal Database Covering the Decisions of the Hungarian Constitutional Court for Between 1990 and 2021, “Journal of the Knowledge Economy” 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01395-6.

Sólyom L., Introduction to the Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Hungary, [in:] Constitutional Judiciary in a New Democracy: The Hungarian Constitutional Court, eds. L. Sólyom, G. Brunner, Michigan 2000.

Sólyom L., The Rise and Decline of Constitutional Culture in Hungary, [in:] Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area, eds. A. von Bogdandy, P. Sonnevend, Oxford 2015.

Stawecki T., Autonomous Constitutional Interpretation, “International Journal for the Semiotics of Law” 2012, vol. 25(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-011-9243-8.

Szabó Zs., Lehet-e az Alkotmánybíróságból “házszabály-bíróság”?, “Közjogi Szemle” 2017, vol. 10(4).

Szabó Zs., Erdős Cs., Párhuzamok és különbségek a Magyar, szlovák, és szerb alkotmánybíróságok és törvényhozás kapcsolatában, [in:] Törvényhozás és alkotmánybíráskodás a Kárpát-medencében, eds. Zs. Szabó, Cs. Erdős, Budapest 2020.

Szente Z., Constitutional Identity as a Normative Constitutional Concept, “Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies” 2022, vol. 63(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2022.00390.

Szente Z., Hungary: Unsystematic and Incoherent Borrowing of Law. The Use of Foreign Judicial Precedents in the Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, 1999–2010, [in:] The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, eds. T. Groppi, M.C. Ponthoreau, Oxford 2013.

Szente Z., The Interpretive Practice of the Hungarian Constitutional Court: A Critical View, “German Law Journal” 2013, vol. 14(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200002418.

Takács A., A jogértelmezés alapjai és korlátai, “Jogtudományi Közlöny” 1993, vol. 48(3).

Tóth G.A., Historicism or Art Nouveau in Constitutional Interpretation? A Comment on Zoltán Szente’s “The Interpretive Practice of the Hungarian Constitutional Court” – a Critical View, “German Law Journal” 2013, vol. 14(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S207183220000242X.

Tóth J.Z., Excerpts from the Development of Methods of Legal Interpretation, “Law, Identity and Values” 2022, vol. 2(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.55073/2022.1.241-264.

Tóth J.Z., Interpretation of Fundamental Rights in Central and Eastern Europe: Methodology and Summary, [in:] Constitutional Reasoning and Constitutional Interpretation: Analysis on Certain Central European Countries, ed. J.Z. Tóth, Budapest 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.54237/profnet.2021.zjtcrci.

Varga Cs., Jogváltozás a jogban és a jogi folyamatokban, “MTA Law Working Papers” 2020, no. 33.

Várnay E., The Hungarian Sword of Constitutional Identity, “Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies” 2022, vol. 63(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2022.00380.

Waldron J., The Core of the Case against Judicial Review, “Yale Law Journal” 2005, vol. 115(6), DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20455656.

Wróblewski J., An Outline of a General Theory of Legal Interpretation and Constitutional Interpretation, “Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica” 1987, vol. 32.

Zakariás K., A bírói döntések alkotmánybírósági felülvizsgálata terjedelmének dogmatikai keretei – A jogalkalmazás közvetlen és közvetett alapjogsértésének kontrollja a német és magyar gyakorlat tükrében, “Állam- és Jogtudomány” 2021, vol. 4(5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.51783/ajt.2021.4.05.

Zifcak, S., Hungary’s Remarkable, Radical Constitutional Court, “Journal of Constitutional Law in Eastern and Central Europe” 1996, vol. 3.

Ződi Zs., Az Alkotmánybírósági Ítéletek Hálózatának Elemzése, “MTA Law Working Papers” 2020, no. 22.

Ződi Zs., Lőrincz V., Az Alaptörvény és az alkotmánybírósági gyakorlat megjelenése a rendes bíróságok gyakorlatában, 2012–2016, [in:] Normativitás és empíria: A rendes bíróságok és az alkotmánybíróság kapcsolata az alapjog-érvényesítésben, 2012–2016, ed. F. Gárdos-Orosz, Budapest 2019.

ONLINE SOURCES

Federal Ministry of Justice, Rules of Procedure of the Federal Constitutional Court, http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bverfggo/index.html (access: 30.8.2023).

Houlgate S., Hegel’s Aesthetics, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/hegel-aesthetics (access: 10.8.2023).

Smith J., Self-Consciousness, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/self-consciousness (access: 10.8.2023).




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.3.11-44
Date of publication: 2023-09-29 15:54:15
Date of submission: 2023-05-18 21:03:01


Statistics


Total abstract view - 1348
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 106

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Miklós Sebők, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz, Rebeka Kiss, István Járay

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.