Promotion of the Referendum Questions or Promotion of Entities? Communication in the Referendum Campaign as Exempliied by Free Broadcasts of the Entitled Entities on Polish Radio Lublin
Abstract
The present article seeks to answer the question whether the fact that during the referendum campaign in 2015 the entitled entities had the opportunity to utilize free broadcast time in order to promote their activity affected the dominance of such content over the content concerning the issues raised in the referendum questions.Information on politics is obtained mainly from the media; the mediatization of politics is also allowed by Polish legislation, which provides for the opportunity to use free broadcasts on public media inter alia during referendum campaigns by entitled political entities. However, the possibility of using the free broadcasting time for the purposes other than stipulated in the law was not provided for.The research material was the free referendum broadcasts of the entitled entities, aired by Radio Lublin S.A., the method applied being the content analysis (quantitative and qualitative).The main hypothesis, which assumed that the entitled entities used the allocated air time to promote themselves, inter alia through popularizing their names in the public space at the expense of the issues raised in the referendum questions, was positively verified as a result of research.
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Sources (figures given after the dates and before nos. denote the time of airing the broadcast):
Free referendum broadcasts of the European Institute for Studies and Analyses in Lublin, of 21 August 2015, 9.30, no. 1; 21 August 2015, 21.10, no. 8; 23 August 2015, 19.10, no. 5; 23 August 2015, 19.10, no. 10; 24 August 2015, 21.10, no. 2; 1 September 2015, 13.30, no. 3; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 10; 2 September 2015, 21.10, no. 5.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Local Activity Foundation, of 26 August 2015, 9.30, no. 3; 28 August 2015, 13.30, no. 1; 31 August 2015, 21.10, no. 5; 2 September 2015, 13.30, no. 3; 2 September 2015, 21.10, no. 1; 4 September 2015, 9.30, no. 1; 4 September 2015, 13.30, no. 1.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Institute of Civic Studies Obywatele [Citizens] 24.pl Foundation, of 24 August 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 25 August 2015, 21.10, no. 2; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 9; 27 August 2015, 21.10, no. 1; 29 August 2015, 21.10, no. 2; 29 August 2015, 21.10, no. 7; 30 August 2015, 19.10, no. 5; 1 September 2015, 13.30, no. 2.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Foundation for the Promotion of Mediation and Legal Education LEX NOSTRA, of 22 August 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 25 August 2015, 9.30, no. 1; 25 August 2015, 13.30, no. 1; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 1; 27 August 2015, 21.10, no. 8; 30 August 2015, 19.10, no. 6; 3 September 2015, 21.10, no. 3.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Freedom and Hope Foundation, of 27 August 2015, 13.30, no. 1; 28 August 2015, 21.10, no. 1; 29 August 2015, 21.10, no. 1, 6; 30 August 2015, 19.10, no. 3; 1 September 2015, 9.30, no. 1; 2 September 2015, 21.10, no. 2.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Institute of State Thought, of 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 7; 27 August 2015, 21.10, no. 10; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 1; 3 September 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 3 September 2015, 21.10, no. 8, 9.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Civic Platform of the Republic of Poland, of 26 August 2015, 9.30, no. 2; 27 August 2015, 21.10, no. 9; 29 August 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 31 August 2015, 9.30, no. 1; 2 September 2015, 9.30, no. 2; 3 September 2015, 21.10, no. 1, 6.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Polish People’s Party, of 25 August 2015, 21.10, no. 9; 28 August 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 1 September 2015, 13.30, no. 1; 2 September 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 3 September 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 1.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Arche Project, of 23 August 2015, 13.45, no. 2; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 10; 31 August 2015, 9.30, no. 3; 31 August 2015, 21.10, no. 7; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 8.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Democratic Left Alliance, of 24 August 2015, 21.10, no. 10; 25 August 2015, 9.30, no. 3; 26 August 2015, 13.30, no. 3; 27 August 2015, 9.30, no. 2; 29 August 2015, 7.40, no. 3; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 3; 3 September 2015, 9.30, no. 3; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 7.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Hummingbird] Association, of 25 August 2015, 21.10, no. 8; 28 August 2015, 21.10, no. 7; 31 August 2015, 13.30, no. 1; 31 August 2015, 21.10, no. 3, 8; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 8; 2 September 2015, 21.10, no. 9; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 4.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Civic Committee of the City of Koszalin Association, of 23 August 2015, 19.10, no. 1, 7; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 6; 30 August 2015, 13.45, no. 1; 2 September 2015, 9.30, no. 3; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 6.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Roman Dmowski National Association, of 24 August 2015, 21.10, no. 6, 8; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 5; 2 September 2015, 21.10, no. 3, 6, 7; 3 September 2015, 13.30, no. 3; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 9.
Free referendum broadcasts Association for the Development of the Village of Wietrzno "Wiatr [Wind]", of 24 August 2015, 9.30, no. 3; 25 August 2015, 21.10, no. 7; 27 August 2015, 13.30, no. 3; 30 August 2015, 19.10, no. 7; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 9; 4 September 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 3.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Association for Changing the Electoral System – Single-Seat Constituencies, of 23 August 2015, 13.45, no. 1; 23 August 2015, 19.10, no. 9; 24 August 2015, 9.30, no. 2; 24 August 2015, 21.10, no. 5; 25 August 2015, 9.30, no. 2; 29 August 2015, 21.10, no. 3; 1 September 2015, 9.30, no. 2; 2 September 2015, 21.10, no. 8.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Our Common Silesian Home Association, of 21 August 2015, 9.30, no. 3; 21 August 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 23 August 2015, 19.10, no. 6; 25 August 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 28 August 2015, 21.10, no. 3; 30 August 2015, 19.10, no. 10; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 3 September 2015, 9.30, no. 2.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Association THE OUTRAGED, of 21 August 2015, 21.10, no. 6; 24 August 2015, 21.10, no. 9; 28 August 2015, 9.30, no. 3; 30 August 2015, 13.45, no. 2; 30 August 2015, 19.10, no. 8; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 2; 4 September 2015, 9.30, no. 2; 4 September 2015, 9.30, no. 3.
Free referendum broadcasts of the “Citizens against Lawlessness” Association, of 23 August 2015, 19.10, no. 3; 25 August 2015, 21.10, no. 10; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 3; 27 August 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 28 August 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 30 August 2015, 19.10, no. 1; 31 August 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 3 September 2015, 21.10, no. 5.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Patriotic and Self-Government Association “Fatherland – Family – Justice”, of 27 August 2015, 9.30, no. 1; 28 August 2015, 13.30, no. 3; 28 August 2015, 28 August 2015, 21.10, no. 5, 9; 29 August 2015, 21.10, no. 5, 8;
Free referendum broadcasts of the Association “Generations”, of 21 August 2015, 13.30, no. 3; 22 August 2015, 21.10, no. 9; 26 August 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 2; 28 August 2015, 9.30, no. 2; 29 August 2015, 13.30, no. 1; 31 August 2015, 21.10, no. 2; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 2.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Association for the Development of the Settlement of Zając, Commune of Liw and the Neighboring Area “LEPUS”, of 23 August 2015, 19.10, no. 8; 24 August 2015, 9.30, no. 1; 25 August 2015, 21.10, no. 1; 27 August 2015, 21.10, no. 2; 31 August 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 6; 3 September 2015, 21.10, no. 10.
Free referendum broadcasts The Solidary 2010 Association, of 23 August 2015, 7.40, no. 3; 26 August 2015, 13.30, no. 1; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 8; 30 August 2015, 19.10, no. 4; 31 August 2015, 21.10, no. 10; 1 September 2015, 21.10, no. 7; 3 September 2015, 21.10, no. 2; 4 September 2015, 21.10, no. 10.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Fighting Solidarity Association, of 23 August 2015, 19.10, no. 4; 24 August 2015, 21.10 no. 3; 25 August 2015, 21.10, no. 5; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 5; 28 August 2015, 21.10, no. 6; 29 August 2015, 7.40, no. 1; 29 August 2015, 13.30, no. 2; 30 August 2015, 13.45, no. 3.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Association “Community”, of 21 August 2015, 21.10, no. 1; 22 August 2015, 21.10, no. 7; 24 August 2015, 13.30, no. 1; 24 August 2015, 21.10, no. 7.
Free referendum broadcasts of the Foundation “The Most Important”, of 23 August 2015, 7.40 no. 2; 24 August 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 25 August 2015, 13.30, no. 3; 26 August 2015, 21.10, no. 4; 27 August 2015, 21.10, no. 5, 6; 31 August 2015, 9.30, no. 2.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ms.2017.1.83
Date of publication: 2017-11-13 07:43:57
Date of submission: 2017-01-26 14:16:13
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