Kommodus – zmartwychwstający gladiator (Cass. Dio 73, 21, 3; Historia Augusta, Commodus, 16, 6–7)
Streszczenie w języku polskim
Słowa kluczowe
Pełny tekst:
PDFBibliografia
Dio Cassius, Roman History, Volume VIII: Books 61–70, ed. E. Cary, H. B.
Foster (Loeb Classical Library 176), Cambridge 1925.
Scriptores Historiae Augustae, ed. P. Hermann, Lipsiae 1865.
Abbondanza L., The Valley of the Colosseum, Roma 1997.
Adams G.W., The Emperor Commodus: Gladiator, Hercules or a Tyrant?, Boca Raton 2013.
Aja J.R., Imprecaciones senatoriales contra Commodo en la Historia Augusta, „Polis” 1993, 5.
Albu E., Gladiator at the Millennium, „Arethusa” 2008, 41, 1.
Alston R., rec. O. Hekster, Commodus: an Emperor at the Crossroads (Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology 23). Amsterdam: Gieben, „The Classcal Review” 2004, 54.
Arce J., Funus Imperatoribus. Los funerales de los emperadores romanos, Madrid 1988.
Aymard J., Commode-Hercule foundateur de Rome, „Revue des études latines” 1936, 14.
Aymard J., Essai sur les chasses romaines des origines à la fin du siècle des Antonins, Paris 1951.
Baldwin B., Acclamations in the “Historia Augusta”, „Athenaeum” 1981, 69.
Baldwin B., Commodus the Good Poet and Good Emperor: Explaining the Inexplicable, „Gymnasium” 1990, 97.
Barton C.A., The Scandal of the Arena, „Representations” 1989, 27.
Bartsch S., Actors in the Audience: Theatricality and Doublespeak from Nero to Hadrian. Cambridge 1994.
Beard M., Hopkins K., The Colosseum, London 2005.
Bodel J., Dealing with the Dead: Undertakers, Executioners and Potter’s Fields in Ancient Rome, w: V. Hope, Death and Disease in the Ancient City, London–New York 2000.
Bogdanović I., Vujović M., Keramična oljenka v obliki gladiatorske čelade iz viminacijskega amfiteatra, „Arheološki vestnik” 2015, 66.
Bomgardner D.L., The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre, London–New York 2000.
Bomgardner D.L., The Carthage Amphitheater: A Reappraisal, „American Journal of Archaeology” 1989, 93, 1.
Brown S., Explaining the Arena: Did Romans Need Gladiators?, „Journal of Roman Studies” 1995, 8.
Carter M., Gladiatorial Combat: The Rules of Engagement, „The Classical Journal” 2006/2007, 102, 2.
Cavallini E., Un imperatore controverso: Commodo tra fonti storiche e fiction cinematografica, w: La nuova musa degli eroi: Dal mythos alla fiction. Atti degli Incontri di Studio per il Bicentenario del Liceo Classico 'Antonio Canova', red. A. Camerotto, C. De Vecchi, C. Favaro, Treviso 2008.
Cavallini E., Was the Commodus Really that Bad, w: The Fall of the Roman Empire. Film and History, red. M.M. Winkler, Malden 2009.
Chantraine H., Zur Religionspolitik des Commodus im Spiegel seiner Münzen, „Römische Quatralschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und für Kirchengeschichte” 1975, 70.
Coleman K., Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments, „The Journal of Roman Studies” 1990, 80.
Coleman K., Nelis-Clément J., Introduction, w: L’organisation des spectacles dans le monde Romain, Genève 2011.
Eckstein A.M., Commodus and the Limits of the Roman Empire, w: “Gladiator”: Film and History, red. M. Winkler, Oxford 2004.
Elkins N.T., The Procession and Placement of Imperial Cult Images in the Colosseum, „Papers of the British School at Rome” 2014, 82.
Elton H., rec. O. Hekster, Commodus: an Emperor at the Crossroads (Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology 23). Amsterdam: Gieben, 2002. Pp. vi + 250, „Journal of Roman Studies” 2003, 93.
Ferreira Camargo C.H., Ghizoni Teive H.A., Searching for Neurological Diseases in the Julio-Claudian Dynasty of the Roman Empire, „Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria” 2018, 76, 1.
Forichon S., „Furor circensis”: étude des émotions et des expressions corporelles des spectateurs lors d'une course de chars, „Nikephoros” 2012, 25.
Fulford M.G., The Silchester Amphitheatre: Excavations of 1979–85, London 1989.
Gibbon E., The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London 1776–1789.
Gleason M., Identity Theft: Doubles and Masquerades in Cassius Dio, „Classical Antiquity” 2011, 30, 1.
Golvin J.-C., L’amphithéâtre romain: Essai sur la théorisation de sa forme et de ses fonctions, Paris 1988.
Gradel I., Emperor Worship and Roman Religion, Oxford 2002.
Gunderson E., The Ideology of the Arena, „Classical Antiquity” 1996, 15.
Hammer D., Roman Spectacle Entertainments and the Technology of Reality, „Arethusa” 2010, 43, 1.
Hekster O.J., Commodus. An Emperor at the Crossroads, Amsterdam 2002.
Hekster O.J., Commodus-Hercules: The People’s Princeps, „Scripta Classica Israelica” 2001.
Hekster O.J., Gladiator, god of gek? Keizer Commodus nader bekeken, „Hermeneus” 2003, 75, 3.
Hekster O.J., Propagating power: Hercules as an Example for Second-Century Emperors, w: Herakles and Hercules, Exploring a Graeco-Roman Divinity, red. H. Bowden, L. Rawlings, Swansea 2005.
Hekster O.J., Emperors and Empire. Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, w: Zwischen Strukturgeschichte und Biographie. Probleme und Perspektiven einer neuen Römischen Kaisergeschichte zur Zeit von Augustus bis Commodus, red. A. Winterling, Berlin–Boston–Oldenbourg 2011.
Hekster O.J., Honouring of Ancestors the Dynamic of Deification, w: Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire, red. O. Hekster, S. Schmidt-Hofner, C. Witschell, Leiden–Boston 2009.
Hooff van A., De gouden eeuw van Rome: van de volmaakte Traianus tot Commodus de gladiator, Amsterdam 2017.
Humphrey J.H., Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing, Berkeley, Los Angeles 1986.
Junkelmann M., Das Spiel mit dem Tod, so kämpfen Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000.
Kanz F., Grosschmidt K., Head Injuries of Roman Gladiators, „Forensic Science International” 2006, 160, 2–3.
Katz R.S., The Illness of Caligula, „Classical World” 1972, 65.
Köves-Zulauf T., Venus Libitina: Liebe und Tod, „Acta Antiqua. Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae” 2004, 44, 2.
Krauskopf I., The Grave and Beyond in Etruscan Religion, w: The Religion of the Etruscans, red. N. Thomson de Grummond, E. Simon, Austin 2006.
Kyle D., Rethinking the Roman Arena: Gladiators, Sorrows and Games, „Ancient History Bulletin” 1997, 11, 2/3.
Kyle D.G., Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome, London–New York 1998.
Lendon J.E., Gladiators, „The Classical Journal” 2000, 95.
Linderski J., Review of G.Ville, La gladiature en Occident des origines a la mort de Domitien, 1981, CP 80, 1985, with addenda RQ II, „Römische Quartalschrift” 2007.
Mandolfo C., Teatro e spettacoli nell’Historia Augusta, „Siculorum Gymnasium” 1980, 33.
McHugh J.S., The Emperor Commodus. God and Gladiator, Barnsley 2015.
Meijer F., Emperors don’t Die in Bed, London 2004.
Menacci F., Il sangue del gladiatore: Commodo e la doppia identita, w: Sangue e antropologia nella teologia medievale, red. F. Vattioni, Roma 1991.
Meyer-Zwiffelhoffer E., Ein Visiönar auf dem Thron? Kaiser Commodus, Hercules Romanus, „Klio” 2006, 88.
Miano D., Love, Death, and Funerals in Ancient Rome: on the Goddess Libitina, „Mortality” 2022, 27, 2.
Mosci Sassi M.G., Il linguaggio gladiatorio, Bologna 1992.
Negin A.E., Gladiatorskiye shlemy, „Para bellum!” 2006, 26 [Негин А.Е., Гладиаторские шлемы, „Para bellum!” 2006, 26].
Newbold R., Cassius Dio and the Games, „L’Antiquité Classique” 1975, 44.
Noreña C.F., The Communication of the Emperor's Virtues, „Journal of Roman Studies” 2001, 91.
Price S.R.F., From Noble Funerals to Divine Cult: the Consecration of Roman Emperors, w: red. D. Cannadine – S. Price, Rituals of Royalty. Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, Cambridge–New York–Melbourne 1987.
Priwitzer S., Faustina minor. Ehefrau eines Idealkaisers und Mutter eines Tyrannen. Quellenkritische Untersuchungen zum dynastischen Potential, zur Darstellung und zu Handlungsspielräumen von Kaiserfrauen im Prinzipat, Bonn 2009.
Ranieri C. de, Commodo-Mercurio. Osservazioni sulla politica religiosa Commodiana, „La parola del Passato” 1996, 51.
Roche P., rec. O. Hekster, Commodus: an Emperor at the Crossroads (Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology 23). Amsterdam: Gieben, 2002. Pp. vi + 250 „Bryn Mawr Classical Review”, 11.07.2003, https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.07.11/ [dostęp: 26.07.2024].
Scheid J., Libitina, Lubentina, Venus Libitina et les morts, w: Libitina e dintorni. Libitina e i luci sepolcrali. Le leges libitinariae campane. Iura sepulcrorum: vecchie e nuove iscrizione. Atti dell’XI rencontre franco-italienne sur l’épigraphie, red. S. Panciera, Rome 2004.
Sheeets D., De gladiatorbus, a Gladiator-Oriented Roman History, New York–Los Angeles 1990.
Sidwell B., Gaius Caligula's Mental Illness, „Classical World” 2010, 103, 2.
Słapek D., „Parmularii et cetera...”. On Sources, Silence of Law and Nature of the Supporters of Gladiatorial Fights in Rome During the Republic and Early Empire, „Journal of the University of Latvia. History” 2016, 2.
Słapek D., The Dying of a Gladiator: The Death and Resurrection of Emperor Commodus, w: (Non) omnis moriar. Cultutral and Literary Discourses of Death and Immorality, red. I. Wawrzyczek, A. Kędzierska, Lublin 2012.
Sommer M., rec. O. Hekster, Commodus: an Emperor at the Crossroads (Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology 23). Amsterdam: Gieben, „H-Net Reviews in the Humanisties & Social Sciences”, November 2003.
Speidel M.P., Commodus the God-Emperor and the Army, „Journal of Roman Studies” 1993, 83.
Strobel K., Commodus "der Gladiator": Perversion der Macht oder Wahnsinn mit System?, w: Die Geschichte der Antike aktuell: Methoden, Ergebnisse und Rezeption, red. K. Strobel, R. Lafer, Klagenfurt 2005.
Toner J., The Day Commodus Killed a Rhino: Understanding the Roman Games, Baltimore 2014.
Vernsel H., Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual, Leiden 1994.
Ville G., Les jeux des gladiateurs dans l'Empire chrétien, „Mélanges de l'école française de Rome” 1960, 72.
Ville G., La gladiature en Occident des origines à la mort de Domitien, Rome 1981.
Welch K., Recent Work on Amphitheatre. Architecture and Arena Spectacles, „Journal of Roman Archaeology” 2001, 14.
Wesch-Klein G., Funus Publicum: Eine Studie zur öffentlichen Beisetzung und Gewährung von Ehrengräbern in Rom und den Westprovinzen, Stuttgart 1993.
Wiedemann T., Emperors and Gladiators, London 1992.
Witschel C., Kaiser, Gladiator, Gott — Zur Selbstdarstellung des Commodus, „Scripta Classica Israelica” 2004, 23.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2024.57.77-99
Data publikacji: 2024-10-22 08:44:35
Data złożenia artykułu: 2024-02-09 12:01:55
Statystyki
Wskaźniki
Odwołania zewnętrzne
- Brak odwołań zewnętrznych
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Dariusz - Słapek
Powyższa praca jest udostępniana na lcencji Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.