Cognitive Reserve: How to Get Older Successfully?

Ewa Małgorzata Szepietowska

Abstract


The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the situation when the brain pathology does not correspond to clinical symptoms, i.e. they are absent or weakened in combination with the established clinical diagnosis and/or the prediction of cognitive deficits (e.g. in the aging process). The article discusses the definition of cognitive reserve, methods of its measurement, brain mechanisms of CR, the role of CR in the process of successful aging, debatable issues and reference of the idea of CR to clinical practice.


Keywords


cognitive reserve; brain reserve; reserve components; dementia; prophylaxis

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


Abbott A. (2011), Dementia: A problem for our age, “Nature”, Vol. 475, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/475S2a.

Adam S., Bonsang E., Grotz E., Perelman S. (2013), Occupational activity and cognitive reserve: Implications in terms of prevention of cognitive aging and Alzheimer’s disease, “Clinical Interventions in Aging”, Vol. 8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S39921.

Amieva H., Stoykova R., Matharan F., Helmer C., Antonucci T., Dartigues J. (2010), What Aspects of Social Network Are Protective for Dementia? Not the Quantity But the Quality of Social Interactions Is Protective Up to 15 Years Later, “Psychosomatic Medicine”, Vol. 72(9), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f5e121.

Bartres-Faz B., Arenaza-Urquijo E. (2011), Structural and functional imaging correlates of cognitive and brain reserve hypotheses in healthy and pathological aging, “Brain Topography”, Vol. 24(340), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-011-0195-9.

Blessed G., Tomlinson B., Roth M. (1968), The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects, “British Journal of Psychiaty”, Vol. 114.

Blondell S., Hammersley-Mather R., Veerma L. (2014), Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, “BMC Public Health”, Vol. 14, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-510.

Cadar D., Robitaille A., Clouston S., Hofer S., Piccinin A., Muniz-Terrera G. (2017), An international evaluation of cognitive reserve and memory changes in early old age in 10 European Countries, “Neuroepidemiology”, Vol. 48(1–2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000452276.

Cheng S. (2016), Cognitive reserve and the prevention of dementia: The role of physical and cognitive activities, “Current Psychiatry Report”, Vol. 18(85), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0721-2.

Chillemi G., Scalera C., Terranova C., Calamuneri A., Buccafusca M., Dattola V., Rizzo V., Bruschetta D., Girlanda P., Quartarone A. (2015), Cognitive processess and cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis, “Archives Italiennes De Biologie”, Vol. 153(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.12871/00039829201512.

Clare L., Wu Y.-T., Teale J., MacLeod C., Matthews F., Brayne C., Woods B., CFAS-Wales study team (2017), Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: A cross-sectional study, “PLoS Medicine”, Vol. 14(3): e1002259, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002259.

Craik F., Bialystok E., Freedman E. (2010), Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease. Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve, “Neurology”, Vol. 759, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fc2a1c.

Czapiński J., Panek T. (2015), Diagnoza społeczna 2015. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków, Warszawa: Rada Monitoringu Społecznego.

Di Napoli E., Wu B., Scogin F. (2014), Social isolation and cognitive function in Appalachian older adults, “Research on Aging”, Vol. 36(2).

Frankenmolen N., Fasotti L., Kessels R., Oosterman J. (2018), The influence of cognitive reserve and age on the use of memory strategies, “Experimental Aging Research”, Vol. 44(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2017.1422472.

Hindle J., Martyr A., Clare L. (2014), Cognitive reserve in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis, “Parkinsonism and Related Disorders”, Vol. 20(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.010.

Jones R., Manly J., Glymour M., Rentz D., Jefferson A., Stern Y. (2011), Conceptual and measurement challenges in research on cognitive reserve, “Journal of International Neuropsychological Society”, Vol. 17(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710001748.

Katzman R., Terry R., DeTeresa R., Brown T., Davies P., Fuld P., Renbing X., Peck A. (1988), Clinical, pathological, and neurochemical changes in dementia: A subgroup with preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques, “Annals of Neurology”, Vol. 23(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410230206.

Kowoll M.E., Degen C., Gorenc L., Küntzelmann A., Fellhauer I., Giesel F., Haberkom U., Schröder J. (2016), Bilingualism as a Contributor to Cognitive Reserve? Evidence from Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease, “Frontiers in Psychiatry”, Vol. 7, DOI: http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00062.

Lavrencic L., Churches O., Keage H. (2018), Cognitive reserve is not associated with improved performance in all cognitive domains, “Applied Neuropsychology: Adult”, Vol. 25(5), DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1329146.

Le Carret N., Auriacombe S., Letenneur L., Bergua V., Dartigues J.F., Fabrigoule C. (2005), Influence of education on the pattern of cognitive deterioration in AD patients: The cognitive reserve hypothesis, “Brain and Cognition”, Vol. 57(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.08.031.

Lee S., Kim Y. (2016), Which type of social activities may reduce cognitive decline in the elderly? A longitudinal population-based study, “BMC Geriatrics”, Vol. 16, DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0343-x.

León I., García-García J., Roldán-Tapia L. (2011), Development of the scale of cognitive reserve in Spanish population: A pilot study, “Review of Neurology”, Vol. 52.

León I., García-García J., Roldán-Tapia L. (2014), Estimating cognitive reserve in healthy adults using the cognitive reserve scale, “PLoS ONE”, Vol. 9(7): e102632, DOI: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102632.

Marques P., Moreira P., Magalhaes R., Costa P., Santos N., Zihl J., Soares J., Sousa N. (2016), The Functional Connectome of Cognitive Reserve, “Human Brain Mapping”, Vol. 37(9), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23242.

Mathias J., Wheaton P. (2015), Contribution of brain or biological reserve and cognitive or neural reserve to outcome after TBI: A meta-analysis (prior to 2015), “Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews”, Vol. 55, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.001.

Mella N., Grob E., Döll S., Ghisletta P., Ribaupierre de A. (2017), Leisure activities and change in cognitive stability: A multivariate approach, “Brain Sciences”, Vol. 7(3), DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7030027.

Middleton L., Yaffe K. (2009), Promising strategies for the prevention of dementia, “Archives of Neurology”, Vol. 66(10), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.201.

Mondini S., Guarino R., Jarema G., Kehayia E., Nair V., Nucci M., Mapelli D. (2014), Cognitive reserve in a cross-cultural population: The case of Italian emigrants in Montreal, “Aging and Clinical Experimental Research”, Vol. 26(6), DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-014-0224-0.

MRPiPS (2016), Informacja o sytuacji osób starszych w Polsce za rok 2016, http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/Druki8ka.nsf/0/8198B1D1062F84B7C12581E0003D7C9E/%24File/2043.pdf (dostęp: 10.12.2018).

Negash S., Xie S., Davatzikos Ch., Clark Ch., Trojanowski J., Shaw L., Wolk D., Arnold S. (2013), Cognitive and functional resilience despite molecular evidence of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, “Alzheimers and Dementia”, Vol. 9(3), DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.01.009.

Nilsson J., Lövdén M. (2018), Naming is not explaining: Future directions for the “cognitive reserve” and “brain maintenance” theories, “Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy”, Vol. 10(34), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-018-0365-z.

Nucci M., Mapelli D., Mondini S. (2012), Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq): A new instrument for measuring of cognitive reserve, “Aging Clinical and Experimental Research”, Vol. 24.

Opdebeeck C., Martyr A., Clare L. (2016), Cognitive reserve and cognitive function in healthy older people: A meta-analysis, “Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition”, Vol. 23(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2015.1041450.

Pinto Ch., Tandel K. (2016), Cognitive reserve: Concept, determinants, and promotion, “Journal of Geriatric Mental Health”, Vol. 3(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2348-9995.181916.

Puente A., Lindbergh C., Miller L. (2015), The relationship between cognitive reserve and functional ability is mediated by executive functioning in older adults, “Clinical Neuropsychologist”, Vol. 29(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1005676.

Rami L., Valls-Pedret C., Bartres-Faz D., Caprile C., Solé-Padulles C., Castellvi M., Olives J., Bosch B., Molinuevo J. (2011), Cognitive reserve questionnaire. Scores obtained in a healthy elderly population and in one with Alzheimer’s disease, “Review of Neurology”, Vol. 52.

Reed B., Mungas D., Tomaszewski Farias S., Harvey D., Beckett L., Widaman K., Hinton L., DeCarli Ch. (2010), Measuring cognitive reserve based on the decomposition of episodic memory variance, “Brain”, Vol. 133.

Roldán-Tapia L., García J., Cánovas R., León I. (2012), Cognitive reserve, age, and their relation to attentional and executive functions, “Applied Neuropsychology: Adult”, Vol. 19(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09084282.2011.595458.

Rowe J., Kahn R. (1997), Successful Aging, “The Gerontologist”, Vol. 37(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433.

Russo S., Murrough J., Han M., Charney D., Nestler E. (2012), Neurobiology of resilience, “Nature Neuroscience”, Vol. 15(11), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3234.

Satz P., Cole M., Hardy D., Rassovsky Y. (2011), Brain and cognitive reserve: Mediator(s) and construct validity, a critique, “Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology”, Vol. 33(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.493151.

Scarmeas N., Stern Y. (2003), Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle, “Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology”, Vol. 25(5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576.

Schweizer T.A., Ware J., Fischer C.E., Craik F.I., Bialystok E. (2012), Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: Evidence from brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease, “Cortex”, Vol. 48(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.009.

Serra L., Musicco M., Cercignani M., Torso M., Spanò B., Mastropasqua C., Giulietti G., Marra C., Bruno G., Koch G., Caltagirone C., Bozzali M. (2015), Cognitive reserve and the risk for Alzheimer’s disease: A longitudinal study, “Neurobiology of Aging”, Vol. 36(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.010.

Singh-Manoux A., Marmot M., Glymour M., Sabia S., Kivimäki M., Dugravot A. (2011), Does cognitive reserve shape cognitive decline?, “Annals of Neurology”, Vol. 70(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22391.

Solé-Padulles C., Bartres-Faz D., Junque C., Vendrell P., Ramic L., Clemente I., Bosch B., Villar A., Bargall N., Jurado M., Barrios M., Molinuevo J. (2009), Brain structure and function related to cognitive reserve variables in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, “Neurobiology of Aging”, Vol. 30(7), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.008.

Soloveva M., Jamadar S., Poudel G., Georgiou-Karistianis N. (2018), A critical review of brain and cognitive reserve in Huntington’s disease, “Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews”, Vol. 88, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.003.

Steffener J., Stern Y. (2012), Exploring the neural basis of cognitive reserve in aging, “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta”, Vol. 1822, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.012.

Stern Y. (2002), What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept, “Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society”, Vol. 8(3), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617702813248.

Stern Y. (2003), The Concept of Cognitive Reserve: A Catalyst for Research, “Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology”, Vol. 25(5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.589.14571.

Stern Y. (2009), Cognitive Reserve, “Neuropsychologia”, Vol. 47(10), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004.

Stern Y. (2012), Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease, “Lancet Neurology”, Vol. 11(11), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70191-6.

Sumowski J., Rocca M., Leavitt V., Riccitelli G., Comi G., DeLuca J., Filippi M. (2013), Brain reserve and cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis. What you’ve got and how you use it, “Neurology”, 80(24), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318296e98b.

Teuber H. (2008), Recovery of function after brain injury in man, [w:] R. Porter, D.W. Fitzsimons (eds.), Ciba foundation symposium 34 – outcome of severe damage to the central nervous system, London: Wiley, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470720165.ch10.

Tucker A., Stern Y. (2011), Cognitive reserve in aging, “Current Alzheimer Research”, Vol. 8(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/156720511795745320.

Tucker-Drob E., Johnson K., Jones R. (2009), The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis: A longitudinal examination of age-associated declines in reasoning and processing speed, “Developmental Psychology”, Vol. 45(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014012.

Valenzuela M., Sachdev P. (2006), Assessment of complex mental activity across the lifespan: Development of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ), “Psychological Medicine”, Vol. 37(7), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170600938X.

Whalley L., Deary I., Appleton Ch., Starr J. (2004), Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging, “Ageing Research Reviews”, Vol. 3(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001.

Wilson R., Mendes De Leon C., Barnes L., Schneider J., Bienias J., Evans D., Bennett D. (2002), Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease, “JAMA”, Vol. 287(6), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.6.742.

Zhong B., Chen S., Xin Tu X., Conwell Y. (2017), Loneliness and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Findings From the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, “The Journals of Gerontology: Series B”, Vol. 72(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw037.

Zunzunegui M., Alvarado B., Del Ser T., Otero A. (2003), Social networks, social integration, and social engagement determine cognitive decline in community-dwelling spanish older adults, “The Journals of Gerontology: Series B”, Vol. 58(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.2.S93.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/j.2018.31.3.299-311
Date of publication: 2019-02-26 17:52:11
Date of submission: 2018-05-09 12:19:29


Statistics


Total abstract view - 2326
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (Język Polski) - 850

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Ewa Małgorzata Szepietowska

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.